[updated 13 November 2004]

B - by author, year, title (anonymous entries listed by title)

Babcock, William H. Eskimo long-distance voyages. American Anthropologist 15 (1913): 138-141.

Babcock, William H. Certain pre-Columbian notices of American aborigines. American Anthropologist 18 (1916): 388-397.

Babcock, William H. Certain pre-Columbian notices of the inhabitants of the Atlantic islands. American Anthropologist 20 (1918): 62-78.

Babcock, William H. St. Brendan's exploraton and islands. The Geographical Review 8 (July 1919): 37-46. [Relevant???] Cited in Cassidy (1968), Bergersen.

Babcock, William H. Recent history and present status of the Vinland problem. Geographical Review 11 (April 1921): 265-283.

Babcock, William H. Legendary Islands of the Atlantic. Series: American Geographical Society Research Series. Vol. 8. New York, 1922. 196 pages.

Baetke, Walter (ed). Islands Beseidlung und älteste Geschichte. Series: Thule: Altnordische Dichtung und Prose. Vol. 23. Jena: Eugen Diederichs, 1928.

Bakeless, John. The Eyes of Discovery: The Pageant of North America as seen by the First Explorers. New York: Dover, 1950. p.12-15.

Bakeless, Katherine, and John Bakeless. They Saw America First. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott, 1957.

Baldwin, John Denison. Ancient America, in Notes on American Archaeology. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1871. 293 pages. Modestly informed discussions on the Norse, Madoc, Brendan, "the Malays," Phoenicians, and Fu Sang, but he considers the American civilizations essentially indigenous. [Sorenson] Cited in Barnes (2001), Sorenson, Bergersen [lacks "in Notes on American Archaeology" in title]

Ballantyne, R. M. The Norsemen in the West : America before Columbus. 1872.

Bameul, Pierre, and Peter Goodfellow. La saga d'Arne Marsson. Series: Pour nourrir le Soleil. Vol. 1. 2 vols: Fleuve Noir, 1986. 187 pages. ISBN 2265032689. The Viking Arne Marsson sails south of Vinland. He creates a Viking-Aztec empire which lasts to the 20th century. Edwards, Les (cover art). fiction

Bameul, Pierre. Le Choix des destins. Series: Pour nourrir le Soleil. Vol. 2. 2 vols: Fleuve Noir, 1986. 178 pages. ISBN 2265033928. The Viking Arne Marsson sails south of Vinland. He creates a Viking-Aztec empire which lasts to the 20th century. Goodfellow, Peter (cover art). fiction

Bandi, Hans-Georg. Eskimo Prehistory. London, 1969. Cited in Quinn (1977)

Baner, Johan G. R. Viking Mettles: Vikings on Lake Superior in the Early Eleventh Century. 1930.

Barkham, S. de L. A note on the Strait of Belle Isle during the period of Basque contact with Indians and Inuit. Études Inuit 4/1-2 (1980): 51-58. Records from the first half of the 16th century show that Basque whalers traded and were friendly with Indians in the vicinity but suffered from death and injury from Inuit. [Suggestive of what Norse relations might have been with native peoples.] [Sorenson] Cited in Sorenson

Barnes, Geraldine. Reinventing paradise: Vinland 1000-1992. Old Norse Studies in the New World: A Collection of Essays to Celebrate the Jubilee of the Teaching of Old Norse at the University of Sydney 1943-1993. Eds. Geraldine Barnes, Margaret Clunies Ross and Judy Quinn. Sydney: Department of English, University of Sydney, 1994.

Barnes, Geraldine. Vinland the good: paradise lost? Parergon: Bulletin of the Australian and New Zealand Association for Medieval and Early Modern Studies 12/2 (1995): 75-96.

Barnes, Geraldine. Romance in Iceland. Old Icelandic Literature and Society. Ed. Margaret Clunies Ross. Vol. 42. Cambridge Studies in Medieval Literature. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000. 266-286. ISBN 0521631122. There is little in the development of the Íslendingasögur to prepare us for the riddarasögur.... The concluding sections of the late thirteenth-century Eiríks saga rauða, where, in the course of the quest for Vínland, a member of Þorfinnr Karlsefni's company is killed by a uniped (einfœtingr), and the rest of the company sight and briefly entertain the prospect of journeying to Einfœtingaland ('Unipedland') (ch. 12), point that saga in the direction of the fantastic adventures characteristic of the riddarasögur. [p. 273]. Clunies Ross, Margaret (ed.)
passing (SDS / SDS)

Barnes, Geraldine. Viking America: The First Millenium. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 2001. 187 pages.

Barnum, L. H. The discovery of America by the northmen. Cornell Review 1 (1874): 246-255, 342-353. Cited in Barnes (2001)

Barret, Neal, jr. Leaves of Time. New York: Lancer, 1971. 205 pages. During an alien attack on one Earth, a human soldier is thrown into another where North America was settled by Vikings. An alien pursues him. Cited in Winthrop-Young (2002). fiction

Barrett, James H. (ed.). Contact, Continuity, and Collapse: The Norse Colonization of the North Atlantic. Series: Studies in the Early Middle Ages. Vol. 5. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols, 2003. 254 pages. ISBN 2503512917. (SDS / SDS)

Barrow. Chronological History of Voyages into the artic regions; undertaken chiefly for the purpose of discovering a north-east, north-west, or polar passage between the Atlantic and Pacific. London: John Murray, 1818. 379 + 48 pages. Cited in Barnes (2001), Swanton (1947)

Barstad, Johannes. Litteratur om utvandringen fra Norge til Nord-Amerika. Oslo: Universitetsbilioteket i Oslo, 1975. 205 pages. Cited in Nilsestuen (1994), Bergersen

Barton, Benjamin Smith. Noget særdeles mærkværdigt om Amerika [Observations on some parts of natural history]. Museum for sundheds- og kundskabs-elskere (Kjøbenhavn) 19 (1788): 295-296. An abstract of B. S. Barton's Observations on some parts of natural history. Barton, Benjamin Smith, 1766-1815

Bauer, Fred C. The Problems Surrounding the Northmen's Visit to America, 985-1364 A.D. with the comments of various authorities. Data compiled and charted by Fred C. Bauer. Newtown? CT, 1953. 1 sheet Also listed as 1952. Photocopy of MS. 98 x 234 cm. Folds to 44 x 34 cm.

Baumgartner, Walter. Freydís in Vinland oder Die Vertreibung aus dem Paradies. Skandanavistik 23/1 (1993): 16-35.

Baxter, James Phinney. Early voyages to America : a paper read before the Rhode Island Historical Society. 1889.

Baxter, James Phinney. The present status of pre-Columbian discovery of America by Norsemen. Annual Report of the American Historical Association for the Year 1893. Washington, DC: American Historical Association, 1894. 101-110. Cited in Barnes (2001). Baxter, James Phinney, 1831-1921

Baynes-Cope, A. D. The scientific examination of the Vinland map at the research laboratory of the British Museum. Geographical Journal 140/Pt. 2 (June 1974): 208-211.

Beaming in on the past: a refurbished cyclotron probes some historical documents. Time 127 (10 March 1986): 75. popular vinland map

Beamish, North Ludlow. The Discovery of America by the Northmen in the tenth century with notices of the early settlements of the Irish in the Western Hemisphere. 1841.

Beardsley, Monroe C. The Kensington stone. Practical Logic. 2nd ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1961. 548-549. Cites Holand (1940); Cited in Runkle (1981), Sorenson kensington passing (SDS / SDS)

Beauvois, Eugène. Découvertes des Scandinaves en Amérique du dixième au triezième siécle, fragments de sagas islandaises, traduits pour la première fois en français. Series: Challamel Ainé. Paris, 1859. 77 pages.

Beauvois, E. La découverte du nouveau monde par les Irlandais, et les premières traces du christianisme en Amérique avant l'an 1000. Nancy: G. Crépin Leblond, 1875.

Beauvois, Eugène. La grande terre de l'Ouest dans les documents celtiques du Moyen Age. Vol 1. Madrid, 1881. 45-74. The Irish voyaged to northeastern America as much as did Brendan and other "mythical" sailors. "Great Ireland" was located somewhere in that area in the middle ages. [Sorenson]. Cited in Sorenson. Beauvois, Eugène, 1835-

Beauvois, Eugène. Les colonies européennes du Markland et de l'Escotiland au xiv. siècle, et les vestiges qui en subsistèrent jusqu'aux xvi-e et xvii-e siècles. 1877.

Beauvois, Eug. Les croix précolombiennes chez les Mayas du Yucatan et des contrées voisines. Louvain: Polleunis & Ceuterick, 1902. 38 pages. "Extrait de la Revue des questions scientifiques, juillet 1902. (3eme série t. II, pp. 93-126)." Bibliographical footnotes. Beauvois, Eugène, 1835-

Beauvois, E. Les derniers vestiges du christianisme préché du 10e au 14e siècle dans le Markland et la Grande Irlande; les porte-croix de la Gapésie et de l'Acadie (domination canadienne). Paris: Moquet, 1877. 27 pages. "Extrait des Annales de philosophie chrétienne, avril 1877, page 284." Beauvois, Eugène, 1835-

Beauvois, E. Les Skrælings, ancêtres des Esquimaux dans les temps pré-colombiens. Paris: Au bureau de la Revue, 1879. 48 pages.

Beck, Richard. Leif Erikson and his discovery of America: An address delivered at the Leif Erikson day meeting of the Leif Erikson memorial association of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, S.D., October 9, 1936. [S.l.: s.n.], 1936. 10 pages. Leif Erikson Memorial Association of South Dakota. Date uncertain. Some sources list as 9 p. Cover title. "An address delivered at the Leif Erikson Day meeting of the Leif Erikson Memorial Association of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, S.D., October 9, 1936." Includes Constitution of the Leif Erikson Memorial Association of South Dakota. Beck, Richard, 1897-

Beilby, Alvin L. Art, archaeology, and analytical-chemistry - a synthesis of the liberal-arts. Journal of Chemical Education 69/6 (June 1992): 437-439. vinland map

Benedikt, Eyþórsson. Vinjar og vín : um deilur fræðimanna varðandi Vínland. Sagnir 20 (1999): 30-36. Benedikt Eyþórsson, 1976-

Benttinen, T. Vinland journeys, stone and paper. Southern Review - Baton Rouge 22/1 (1986): 123-124. Nothing is known about this other than the title. (SDS / ???)

Berdichevsky, Norman. The role of "sibling rivalry" in the "(re)discovery" of America controversy. Journal of Cultural Geography 12/1 (1991): 59-68. National competitiveness among Spain, Portugal, Sweden, and Denmark led in the period 1425- 1476 to a joint expedition by the Danes and Portuguese involving Pothorst, Pining, and Corte Real which discovered the North American mainland. [Sorenson] Cited in Sorenson

Berg, Henry. Vinland og tidevannet. Det Kongelige Norske Videnskabers Selskab Museet, Årbok 1955 (Trondheim) (1956): 45-65. English Summary p. 64-65. Says the only place with a tide difference corresponding to the Saga is from Cape Cod to the Bay of Fundy. "And here we find Boston... the only locality which in every other respect also fits in with what the Saga tells". "But whether .. Torvald Eiriksson and Torfinn Karlsefne likewise arrived here is more doubtful". [Bergersen] Cited in Pitschmann (1982), Bergersen

Berge, Rikard. Førnesbrunen. Samband (Minneapolis) (June 1912): 299-302. Cited in Blegen (1968) kensington

Bergersen, Robert. Vinland Bibliography: Writings Relating to the Norse in Greenland and America. Series: RAVNETRYKK Eds. Helge Salveson and Sigmund Nesset. Vol. 10. Tromsø: Universitetsbibblioteket I Tromsøs, 1997. 411 pages. (SDS / SDS)

Bergland, Jeol. Vinlandspil. Skalk 1 (1981): 28-30.

Bernard, Augustin. De Adamo Bremensi geographo thesim Facultati litterarum parisiensi proponebat Augustinus Bernard ... Parisiis: Apud Hachette et socios, 1895. 104 pages. adam of bremen Bernard, Augustin, 1865-

Berry, Francis. I tell of Greenland: an edited translation of the Saudarkrokur manuscripts. 1977. 205 pages.

Bessasson, Haraldur. New light on Vinland from the sagas. Mosaic: A Journal for the Interdisciplinary Study of Literature 1/1 (1967): 52-65. Cited in Barnes (2001)

Bessasson, Haraldur. Some notes on Leifr Eiriksson's national origin and the sources on Greenland and Vinland. Icelandic Canadian 24/2 (1965): 13-19. Cited in Barnes (2001)

Betten, Francis S. The Kensington stone. Historical Bulletin (St Louis University) 12/66 (November 1934): 72-73. Cited in Blegen (1968) kensington

Binns, A. L. J.R.L. Anderson. Vinland Voyage [book review]. Scandinavica 7/1 (May 1968): 78-79. Review of Anderson (1967). Binns, Alan L.

Binns, Alan. Navigation. In Medieval Scandinavia: An Encyclopedia. Phillip Pulsiano (ed.). Garland Encyclopedias of the Middle Ages. New York: Garland Publishing, 1993. 429-430. (SDS / SDS)

Binns, Alan. Viking Voyages: Then and Now. London: Heinemann, 1980. 248 pages. Binns, Alan L. (SDS / SDS)

Binns, A. L. Sun navigation in the Viking age: and the Canterbury portable sundial. Acta Archaeologica 62 (1971): 23-34.  Binns, Alan L.

Biondelli, Bernardino. Scoperta dell' America fatta nel secolo x da alcuni Scandinavi. Milano: [Tip. Bernardoni], 1839.

Bird, Junius. Archaeology of the Hopedale Area, Labrador. American Museum of Natural History, Anthropological Papers 39 (1945): 121-186. Cited in Enterline (1972)

Bird, Junius B. Conservation work at the L'Anse aux Meadow, Newfoundland, archaeological site. National Geographic Society Research Reports for 1964. Washington: National Geographic Society, 1969. 21-25. Cited in Enterline (1972), Pitschmann (1982) l'anse aux meadows

Birket-Smith, Kaj. Skrælingerne i Vinland og eskimoernes sydost-grænse. Geografisk tidskrift 24/5 (1918): 157-167.

Björn Thórdarson. Eiríks saga rauða : nokkrar athuganir. Skírnir 113 (1939): 60-79. Björn Þórðarson, 1879-1963

Björn Þórðarson. Eiríks saga rauða : nýjar athuganir. Skírnir : ný tíðindi hins íslenzka bókmenntafélags 120 (1946): 102-119. Björn Þórðarson, 1879-1963

Björn Þorsteinsson. Some observations on the discoveries and the cultural history of the Norsement. Saga-Book of the Viking Society for Northern Research 16/2-3 (1965): 173-191. Review of Jones (1964). Cited in Barnes (2001), Wahlgren (1969), Bergesen

Björn Þorsteinsson. Íslands- og Grænlandssiglingar Englendinga á 15. öld og fundur Norður-Ameríku. Saga 5 (1965-1967): 3-72. Björn Þorsteinsson, 1918-1986

Blair, Clifford. Showdown at Viking Cave. Walker and Company, 1994. 196 pages. fiction mystery

Blake, Fanny. Books. Options (London) (January 1988) 127. Review of Smiley (1988). Cited in Nakadate (1999) book review passing

Blegen, Theodore C. The Kensington rune stone discussion and early settlement in western Minnesota. Minnesota History 6 (December 1925): 370-374. Cited in Blegen (1968) kensington

Blegen, Theodore C. Frederick J. Turner and the Kensington puzzle. Minnesota History 39 (Winter 1964): 133-140. Cited in Blegen (1968) kensington

Blegen, Theodore C. The Kensington Runestone: New Light on an Old Riddle. St Paul: Minnesota Historical Society, 1968. (SDS / SDS)

Blegen, Theodore C. O. E. Hagen, a pioneer Norwegian-American Scholar. The Immigration of Ideas: Studies in the North Atlantic Community. Ed. J. Iverne Dowie & J. Thomas Tredway (eds.). Rock Island, IL: Augustana Historical Society, 1968. 43-65. Cited in Blegen (1968)

Blind, Karl. The forerunners of Columbus. The New World Review (London) 7 (1892): 346-357.

Blindheim, Joan Tindale (tr.). Vinland the Good: The Saga of Leif Eiriksson and the Viking Discovery of America. (illus. by Hans Gerhard Sørenson). Oslo: Tano, 1966. Includes English version of Eiríks saga rauða. Vinland det gode. Preface by Helge Ingstad. Cited in Pitschmann (1982). Ingstad, Helge Marcus, 1899-2001 (intro.); Sørenson, Hans Gerhard (illus.) (SDS / SDS)

Bock, Dennis. "The Ice-Shirt Cometh": review of The Ice-Shirt. American Book Review 13/4 (Oct./Nov. 1991): 25. book review

Boggild, F. The ante-Columbian discovery of the American continent, by the Northmen. The Historical Magazine, and Notes and Queries, Concerning the Antiquities, History and Biography of America 5/3 (1869): 170-179. [R]eprint from the New Orleans Sunday Times, with a note at the end by B.F. de Costa. [Bergesen] Cited in Bergesen

Boland, Charles M. They All Discovered America. 1961.

Bolton, Charles Knowles. Terra Nova: the Northeast Coast of America before 1602: Annals of Vinland, Markland, Estotiland, Drogeo, Baccalaos and Norumbega. (with illustrations by Ethel Stanwood Bolton). Boston: F. W. Faxon, 1935.

Bonnell, Paula. A hypnotic saga. Belles Lettres 4 (Fall 1988): 9. Review of Smiley (1988). Cited in Nakadate (1999) book review passing

Books: briefly noted. New Yorker 64 (15 August 1988): 82. Review of Smiley (1988). Cited in Nakadate (1999) book review passing

Books on Iceland: A Catalogue. 5th ed. Rekjavík: Bókabúd Máls og Menningar, 1999. 432 pages. (SDS / SDS) Publisher: http://malogmenning.is/ bibliography

Bork, Ferdinand. Weitere Verbindungslinien zwischen der Alten und der Neuen Welt. Orientalisches Archiv 3/4 (1912): 151-168. Further parallels are laid out involving calendar systems and cosmologies of Scandinavia, China, Southeast Asia, North America, and Peru as well as the Near East and Mesoamerica. These involve directions, seasons, "elements," colors, animals, and other features. [Sorenson] Cited in Sorenson

Borovsky, Zoe Patrice. Rocking the Boat: Women in Old Norse Literature. University of California, Berkeley, 1994. 286 pages. Clover, Carol J. (dissertation supervisor). Cited in Wolf (1998) dissertation passing

Bourque, Bruce J., and Steven L. Cox. Maine State Museum Investigation of the Goddard Site, 1979. Man in the Northeast 22 (Fall 1981): 3-27. A find at the site is adjudged an authentic Norse coin, which, they suppose in the absence of other evidence for a Norse presence, must have reached there from the north via Amerindian hands. [Sorenson] Cited in Sorenson

Bovey, Wilfrid. The Vinland voyages. Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada, Third Series, Section II 30 (1936): 27-47.

Bovey, Wilfrid. The Norse discovery of America. The School (Ontario) 26 (1937): 24-28.

Boyer, Elizabeth. Freydis and Gudrid. Novelty, OH: Veritie Press, 1976.

Boyer, Régis. Les Vikings et leur civilisations: Problèmes actuels. Paris: Ecole des hautes études en sciences sociales, Bibliothèque arctique et antarctique, 1976. 242 pages. A comprehensive review of the subject with a rich bibliography. [Sorenson] Cited in Sorenson, Bergersen [lists publisher as Mouton]

Boyer, Régis. The Vinland Sagas and Brendan's Navigatio: A Comparison (John de Courcy Ireland and David C. Sheehy, eds.). Dublin and Kerry: Boole Press, Dún Laoghaire, Co., 1985.

Brackel-Welda, Othon E. Apuntes para un estudio sobre el cristianismo en América en los tiempos anteriores á los descubrimientos de Cristobal Colón : dedicados, con ocasión del Cuarto Centenario Colombino, a la Sociedad de Geografía y Estadística. México: Sagrado Corazón de Jesus, 1893. 31 pages.

Bradford, Alexander. American Antiquities and Researches into the Origin and History of the Red Race. New York ; Boston: Dayton & Saxton ; Saxton & Pierce, 1841.

Brady, Cyrus Townsend. One thousand years of American history. Munsey's Magazine (New York) 34/1 (1905): 1-11. Brady, Cyrus Townsend, 1861-1920

Breckenridge, R. W. Norse halberds. American Anthropologist 57/1 (March 1955): 129-131. Thirty axes, claimed to be Norse halberds, have been reported from the upper plains states or are in museums. One ax was of a peculiar pattern thought to have originated in Ireland about 2000 years ago. Twenty-eight of the others are identical. They are shown to have been put out by a tobacco company and were used as advertisements (for "Battle Axe" brand plug tobacco) and served in pioneer grocery stores to cut the tobacco. None are Norse. [Sorenson] Cited in Blegen (1968), Enterline (1972), Pitschmann (1982), Sorenson hoax kensington

Breda, Olaus J. Den amerikanske 'runesten'. Verdens Gang (Christiania) (24 April 1899). Cited in Blegen (1968) kensington

Breda, Olaus J. Hurrah for the Vikings! [letter]. North (Minneapolis) (13 November 1889): 1. Cited in Blegen (1968)

Breda, Olaus J. Rundt Kensington-stenen. Symra (Decorah, IA) 6 (1910): 65-80. Cited in Blegen (1968) kensington

Breda, Olaus J. Runestone hoax. How a clever Swede, with a chisel and a knowledge of runic characters, started a story that has traveled around the world. Minneapolis Tribune 16 April (1899): Section 3, p. 4. Interview with O. J. Breda. Cited in Blegen (1968) kensington

Bredsdorf, J. H. Grønlands Historiske Mindesmaerker. Tidsskrift for Litteratur og Kritik 3/2 (1840): 392-405.

Brennan, Louis A. American Dawn: A New Model of American Prehistory. New York: Macmillan, 1970. Chapter 12, pages 325-354: Gives a survey in cautious journalistic style of Vikings, Brendan, the Kensington Stone, Ridley's Archaic New England pottery thought influenced from across the North Atlantic, and some other views, all of which he rejects, along with Jomon-Valdivia pottery and Ekholm's Southeast Asian art similarities. At the last, he is inclined at least to give a hearing to diffusionism, or would, he says, if more evidence were brought forward. [Sorenson] Cited in Sorenson kensington

Bretton, Baron de. Les origines des peuples de l'Amérique. Nancy, 1875. 438-449. A miscellany (Vikings, Brasseur, Schoolcraft, Humboldt) without a definite point of view. [Sorenson] Cited in Sorenson

Brinton, Daniel Garrison. The Myths of the New World: A Treatise on the Symbolism and Mythology of the Red Race of America. New York: H. Holt, 1876. 344 pages.

Brinton, D. G. On the position of Huitramannaland. The Historical Magazine 9/12 (1865): 364-365. Brinton, Daniel Garrison, 1837-1899

Brøgger, A. W. Ble Kensington-steinen laget av en norsk Minnesota-farmer? Dagbladet (2 April 1949). Cited in Blegen (1968) kensington Brøgger, Anton Wilhelm, 1884-

Brøgger, A. W. Vinlandsferdene : foredrag i Det norske geografiske selskab. Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift (Oslo) 6/2 (1936): 65-85.

Brøgger, Anton W. The Vinland voyages: lecture in the Norwegian Geographical Society. American Scandinavian Review 24 (September 1936): 197-215.

Brøgger, A. W. Vinlandsferdene. Oslo: Gyldendal Norsk, 1937. 207 pages.

Brøgger, Anton Wilhelm. Winlandfahrten. Hamburg: Hoffmann und Campe, 1939.

Brøgger, Anton Wilhelm, and Haakon Shetelig. Vikingeskipene: Deres Forgjengere og Etterfolgere. Oslo: Dreyers, 1950. 296 pages.

Brøgger, Anton Wilhelm, and Haakon Shetelig. The Viking Ships: Their Ancestry and Evolution.

Brøndsted, Johannes. Nordboerne i Amerika før Columbus. Var de der eller var de der ikke? Vor viden. Section H, Jorden og menneskelivet. Vol. 1. Copenhagen, 1950. 141-146.

Brøndsted, Johannes. Norsemen in North America before Columbus. Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution for the Year Ended June 30, 1953. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1954. 367-405.

Brøndsted, Johannes. Problemet om Nordboer i Nordamerika før Columbus: en bedommelse af de amerikanske materiale. Series: Aarboger for Nordish Oldkyndighed ok Historie. Copenhagen, 1950. 152 pages.

Brooks, Charles Timothy. The Controversy Touching the Old Stone Mill in the Town of Newport. Newport, RI: Chas. E. Hammett, Jr., 1851. 91 pages.

Brown, George Mackay. Vinland. London: John Murray, 1992. 232 pages.

Brown, Katherine L., and Robin J. H. Clark. Analysis of pigmentary materials on the Vinland map and Tartar relation by Raman microprobe spectroscopy. Analytical Chemistry 74/15 (1 August 2002): 3658-3661. Studies by Raman microprobe spectroscopy have shown that the black ink defining each feature on the controversial Vinland Map consists of carbon that overlays a yellow line containing anatase. This material was not detected elsewhere on the map. Since anatase has not been found on medieval artifacts, and such yellow lines are only naturally produced by iron gallotannate inks, a modern (post 1923) origin for the Vinland Map is strongly indicated. The ink of the Tartar Relation is different and probably consists of an iron gallotannatemixed with a small proportion of carbon. The rubrication is established to be vermillion. Published on web 25/06/2002. Cited in Gorman (2002) (GMR / SDS)

Brown, Marie A. The Norse discovery of America. Notes and Queries 7th ser., #2 (1886): 145-146. Cited in Barnes (2001), Bergersen

Brown, Marie A. The Icelandic Discoverers of America; or, Honor to Whom Honor Is Due. 1887.

Brown, Marie A. Leif Erikson. [Washington, DC]: S.n., 1888. 8 pages. Title from caption: "Miss Marie A. Brown's plea before the Select Committee of the United States Senate on the Centennial of the Constitution and the Discovery of America, for recognition of the discovery of America by Leif Erikson, A.D. 1000." "Washington, D.C., March 23, 1888"--p. 8. Shipley, Marie Adelaide Brown, 1843-1900

Brown, Marie A. The missing records of the Norse discovery of America. Congrés internat. Des Américanistes, Compte-rendu de la huitième session, Paris 1890 (1892): 190-200. The Catholic Church undoubtedly has records about the Christianization of North America (Vinland). That area was abandoned by the church-dominated Norwegians when the colonists refused to continue in church ways. Some Catholic scholars understand the need to search these things out at the Vatican, but scientists and historians ignore the challenge. Crediting Columbus with discovery is a Romish plot to deny proper credit. [Sorenson] Cited in Bergersen, Sorenson. Shipley, Marie Adelaide Brown, 1843-1900

Brown, Madelaine R., and Francis P. Magoun. Tyrkir, first German in North America. Modern Language Notes 51/8 (December) (1946): 547-551. Madelaine R. Brown and Francis P. Magoun argue that Tyrkr was an historical character, perhaps a Weinkenner from the Rhine or Moselle districts. [Wahlgren (1969), 39] Cites Gordon (1927), Hermannsson (1944) & (1936), Krappe (1943). Cited in Hermannsson (1954), Wahlgren (1969) (SDS / SDS)

Bruun, Daniel. Erik den Røde og nordbokolonierne i Grønland. Udgivet med understøttelse af det Raben-Levetzauske fond. [Kristiania og Kjøbenhavn]: Gyldendal, 1915. 235 pages. "Litteratur": p. [231]-235. Publisher also listed as Nordisk forlag. Bruun, Daniel, 1856-1931

Bruun, Daniel. The Icelandic colonization of Greenland and the finding of Vineland. 1918.

Bryant, William Cullen, and Sydney W. Gay. A Popular History of the U. S. from the First Discovery of the Western Hemisphere by Northmen, to the End of the First Century of the Union of the States. Preceded by a Sketch of the Prehistoric Period and the Age of the Mound Builders. 1876.

Buchholz, Peter. Die Vinlandsagas : aus dem Altisländischen übersetzt und mit Anmerkungen versehen von Bernhard Gottschling [book review]. Skandinavistik 9/2 (1979): 156-157. Review of Gottschling (1979?) book review Buchholz, Peter, 1941-

Bull, Sara Chapman Thorp. Leif Erikson. Magazine of American History 19/3 (1888): 217-223.

Bullene, Emma F. Jay. The Psychic History of the Cliff Dwellers, Their Origin and Destruction. Denver, CO: Reed Pub. Co., 1905. 256 pages.

Bumsted, J. M. The Peoples of Canada: A Pre-Confederation History (vol. 1 of 2). Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1992. 442 pages. Chapter two: The Explorers of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries: The Viking Explorers, p. 26-28. Notes for this section p. 403-404. Cites Stefánsson (1938) [not in relation to the Norse discovery of N. America], Magnusson & Pálsson (1965, London), McGhee (1987), Morison (1971) [not in relation to Norse discovery of N. America; lists as Morrison], Oleson (1963, Early Voyages...), Skelton Marston & Painter (1965) (SDS / SDS)

Bunce, William H. Dragon Prows Westward. (illus. by illustrated by Lorence Bjorklund). New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1946. 199 pages.  Bunce, William Harvey, 1903-

Burk, Helmer J. Extraordinary New Finds in Minnesota. Indicate Extensive Norse Presence. NEARA Journal 15/16 (1980).  Insubstantial assertions only. [Sorenson] Cited by Sorenson. New England Antiquities Research Association

Burritt, Elihu. The narrative of Thorstein Ericsson. Translated from the Icelandic. The American Eclectic 1 (1841): 109-111. Cited in Barnes (2001)

Burt, Jesse C. The riddle of the stone. American Mercury 83 (November 1956): 32-36. Cited in Blegen (1968); kensington

Byrns, Ruth Katherine. Columbus and the Norsemen. Catholic World 136 (1932): 22-26. Defends Columbus as the discoverer. "Publicity agents" for Leif Ericsson assert his priority, while the modest Chinese make no big thing of the Hoei-Shin voyage if it occurred. Brendan may have come too, as well as a Breton expedition in the middle of the 14th century, a Spanish navigator along Cuba before the middle of the 15th century, and Cousin to South America. French merchants of Dieppe sent ships there also before the last quarter of the 15th century. But none of those voyages, if they occurred, constituted effective discovery. Anyway the Norse sagas are unreliable as history. [Sorenson] Cited in Sorenson