Cabot, J. E. The discovery of America by the Norsemen. Massachusetts Quarterly Review 2/6 (1849): 189-214. Bibliographical footnotes. Cited in Barnes (2001). Cabot, James Elliot, 1821-1903
Cahill, Robert Ellis. New England's Viking and Indian Wars. Series: Collectible Classics. 3rd ed. Vol. 12. Salem, MA: Chandler-Smith Publishing, 1986. 56 pages.
Cahill, T.A., and B. Kusko. Compositional and structural studies of the Vinland Map and Tartar Relation. The Vinland Map and Tartar Relation. Eds. R. A. Skelton, T. Marston and G. Painter. New Edition. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995. xxix-xxxix. vinland map
Cahill, T. A., et al. Further elemental analyses of the Vinland Map, the Tartar Relation and the Speculum Historiale: report to the Yale University Beinecke Rare Book Room and Manuscript Library. New Haven, CT: Yale University, 1985. vinland map
Cahill, T. A., et al. The Vinland Map, revisited: new compositional evidence on its inks and parchment. Analytical Chemistry 59/15 (March 1987): 829-833. As the scientist who had conducted the ink test on the map, Cahill says that only trace amounts of titanium, a modern substance, were found, hence McGhee's assertion that it was a modern fake is not certain. [Sorenson] Cited in Barnes (2001), Sorenson (SDS / SDS)
Camarota, Humberto Raúl. Quetzalcóatl, Cuculkan y Viracocha ¿Fueron un Vikingo? La Plata, Argentina, 1952. A 41-page booklet originating as a lecture to cadets at the Liceo Naval Militar. Believes the relation possible. [Sorenson] Cited in Sorenson
Camby, Raymond. Quetzalcoatl, un dieu blanc? Kadath: Chroniques des civilisations disparues (Brussels) 2639-42 (1978). Cited in Sorenson
Cameron, Rita G. The Vikings Raid, Plunder and Explore, 1973.
Campanius, T. Kort beskrifning om provincien Nya Swerige uti America, som nu för tiden af the Engelske kallas Pensylvania. Af lärde och trowärdige Mäns skrifter och berättelser ihopaletad och sammanskrefven samt med åthskillige Figurer utzirad. Stockholm: J. H. Werner, 1702. 190 pages.
Campbell, E. M. J. Verdict on the Vinland Map. Geographical Magazine 47 (April 1974): 307-312. Cited in Bergersen [lists volume # as 46]
Campbell, Joseph. Historical Atlas of World Mythology, Vol. 2: The Way of the Seeded Earth. Part 2: Mythologies of the Primitive Planters: The Northern Americas. New York: Harper and Row, 1989. An important volume laced with data, observations, and interpretations about diffusion between the hemisphers. His erudite and critical presentations and interpretations of the extensive intercontinental similarities which he notes involve an unresolved mixture of Jungian archetypes and historical diffusionism. Page 187: Fragments of Algonquian lore point to Norse mythology and may have arrived in northeastern North America by Viking voyagers. [Sorenson] Cited in Sorenson
Caraci, Giuseppe. La "Vinland Map". Studi medievali 7/2 (1966): 509-615. Professor Caraci (now deceased) was a historian, a specialist in the history of explorations (Amerigo Vespucci and the like). This is a long paper in a learned journal that is published by Centro italiano di studi sull'alto Medioevo, Spoleto. Besides the over 100 pages of text, there are 18 extra pages of illustrations, many of them ancient maps. Only in part, indeed a small part, the paper refers directly to the Vinland map. Most of the treatment is an exercise in erudition about ancient maps and historical literature. Caraci maintains that the map is a fake. His thesis is based on historical argumentations: the North-West corner of the map is different from what we can expect from a 15th Century scribe. Norsemen did not draw maps, and if an European scribe had received verbal or written information from the Norse, the information would not translate into the sort of drawing we see on the Vinland map. The drawing of Greenland is by far too good for the times. [GMR] Cited in Bergersen. vinland map (GMR / ???)
Caraci, Giuseppe. Il falso del secolo: La "Vinland Map". Bolletino della Società Geografica Italiana Series 9/8 (1967): 178-214. A speech Caraci presented in 1967 at the XX Congresso Geografico Italiano, Rome. There are seven extra pages of illustrations. The title is explicit. The text is not simply a replica of above paper, but there is little substantially new. [GMR] Cited in Bergersen. vinland map (GMR / ???)
Carlson, Catherine C., George J. Armelagos, and Ann L. Magennis. Impact of disease on the precontact and early historic populations of New England and the maritimes. Disease and Demography in the Americas. Ed. John W. Verano and Douglas H. Ubelaker. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1992. 141-153. They can only speculate on possible introduction of disease during the Norse period through the sixteenth century when explorers, fishermen, trappers, and traders arrived without written records. Several modes of transmission via only transient contacts are mentioned (e.g., traded textiles). It appears that Norse contact with natives was largely with Paleo-Eskimo and Thule groups in Labrador and Greenland, not with Indians. However in Labrador and Newfoundland, ancestors of the Montagnais-Naskapi and Beothuk were probably encountered by Norse. There are no archeological indicators that European diseases caused depopulation during this time period. [Sorenson] Cited in Sorenson
Carlson, Suzanne. The Narragansett stone reconsidered. NEARA Journal 25/1-2 (1991): 80-83. Includes a photograph of the inscription reported by Devine et al. in 1985. Buchanan and Chapman have treated it as, respectively, in "Pan-Mediterranean" and runic characters. Carlson presents and discusses her reading of it as runic. [Sorenson] Cited by Sorenson [lists year as 1991]. New England Antiquities Research Association
Carlson, Suzanne. Skimming the North Atlantic rim. NEARA Journal 26/3-4 (1992): 69-81. Part I. The historical recorda cursory summary of Brendan, Madoc, the Norse, Sinclair, etc. Part II. The Evidence Examined, briefly reviews some interpretive (diffusionist) literature on the voyages and on Rafn, Pohl, Fell, etc. Concludes with: "The evidence gathers in favor of innumerable North Atlantic crossings during the millennium before 1492." [Sorenson] Cited by Sorenson. New England Antiquities Research Association
Carpenter, Edmund S. Frauds in Ontario Archaeology. Pennsylvania Archaeologist 31/2 (1961): 113-118. Relates and documents the fraudulent circumstances surrounding the Beardmore, Ontario, Norse artifacts, showing how local interests kept the business alive to prevent embarrassment even when the fraud was unmistakable. [Sorenson] Cited in Sorenson
Carpenter, Edmund S. Further evidence on the Beardmore relics. American Anthropologist 59 (1957): 875-878. He offers additional information on these putative Norse finds from Ontario which he believes ensures that they were not archaeological specimens at all but part of a hoax. [Sorenson] Mainly based on R. Olson, Was our biggest historical find our biggest hoax?, 1957 [Bergersen] Cited in Sorenson, Bergersen
Carter, George F. Questions: L'Anse aux Meadows radiocarbon dates. Anthropological Journal of Canada 20/2 (1982): 5-7. The Ingstad's site may not date as the excavators claim. [Sorenson] Cited in Sorenson, Bergersen l'anse aux meadows
Carter, W. Hodding. A Viking Voyage : In Which an Unlikely Crew of Adventurers Attempts an Epic Journey to the New World. 1st ed. New York: Ballantine Books, 2000. 304 pages.
Carter, W. Hodding & Russell Kaye. An Illustrated Viking Voyage : Retracing Leif Eriksson's Journey in an Authentic Viking Knarr. New York: Pocket Books, 2000. ISBN: 0743407024.
Cassidy, Vincent H. The location of Ginnunga-gap. Scandinavian Studies: Essays Presented to H. G. Leach. Carl F. Bayerschmidt and Erik J. Friis (eds.). Seattle: American-Scandinavian Foundation, 1965. 27-38. Cited in Cassidy (1968), Bergersen Bayerschmidt, Carl F.; Friis, Erik J.
Cassidy, Vincent H. The Sea Around Them: The Atlantic Ocean, A.D. 1250. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1968. 202 pages.
Cassidy, Vincent H. The voyage of an island. Speculum 38/4 (1963): 595-602. Cited in Cassidy (1968), Bergersen
Casson, Lionel. Who first crossed the oceans? Mysteries of the Past. Eds. Lionel Casson, et al. New York: American Heritage, 1977. 8-30. A popular-level rundown on the history of the dispute between diffusionists and opponents. A double-spread map shows "known voyages" (e.g., Vikings) and "unknown voyages" (e.g., Brendan and Polynesians). Captions on comparative photographs refer to "striking similarities" in art styles between Asia and America, but in the text Casson is adamantly negative. He concludes with his idiosyncratic reading of the upshot of the 1968 Santa Fe symposium (reported in Man across the Sea). "Up until two decades ago the diffusionists rode the tide of opinion," but "recent critical studies had knocked the props from under proofs that had once seemed impregnable." "The balance had tipped perceptibly in favor of the doubters." Even "the history of the sweet potato is just too doubtful to serve as proof positive of pre-Columbian transpacific voyages." [Sorenson] Cited in Sorenson
Cawley, F. S. Review of The Kensington Stone by Holand. New England Quarterly 6 (1933): 210-217. The reader tends to be persuaded by Holand's argumentation and to doubt the counterclaim of a hoax. Impartial persons will agree that this book reopens to debate the question of the stone's authenticity. [Sorenson] Cited in Sorenson, Bergersen book review
Cazeau, Charles J., and Stuart D. Scott, Jr. Exploring the Unknown: Great Mysteries Reexamined. New York: Plenum, 1979. Such phenomena as the Newport Tower and the Kensington Stone are rejected, and "cult archaeologists" are put down as unscientific and illogical. [Sorenson] Cited in Sorenson kensington newport
Celsius, Olof. Iter in Americam, annuente ampliss. sen. philos. Upsaliensi, submoderamine ... Olavi Celsii ... pro laurea philosophica publico examini subjicit Jacobus J. Wahlstedt, Westm. In Auditorio Gustaviano majori, die xxv. maji, anno MDCCXXV. Upsaliæ: Literis Wernerianis, 1725. 48 pages. Celsius, Olof, 1670-1756
Ceremony in honor of the presentation of the painting of Leiv Eiriksson : March 23, 1936. Washington, DC: Govt. Print. Off., 1936. 5 pages. Cover title: Presentation of the Leiv Eiriksson Memorial Painting, 1000-1936.
Chamberlain, Alexander F. The Thunder-bird amongst the Algonkins. American Anthropologist 3/1 (1890): 51-54. Leland (Algonquin Legends of New England, 1885: 113) considers that the Passamaquoddy Indians' "Wind-blower" is far more like the same bird of the Norsemen than like the Thunder-bird of Western tribes. He is inclined to explain many of the incidents in the Algonkin "thunder stories" as from Eskimo and Norse mythology. [Sorenson] Cited in Sorenson
Chapin, Alonzo Bowen. Ante-Columbian history of America, Dighton Rock, language of Skrællings, etc. The American Biblical Repository, 2nd Series 2/3 (1839): 191-197. dighton rock
Chapin, Henry. Leifsaga : a narrative poem of the Norse discoveries of America. (woodcuts by Isac Friedlander) New York: Farrar & Rinehart, Inc., 1934. 113 pages. (SDS / SDS)
Chapin, Henry. To the End of West, 1970.
Chapman, Paul H. The Norse Discovery of America. Atlanta: One Candle Press, 1981. 120 pages. Critically reinterprets nautical conditions and sagas in detail, arriving at the view that Vinland was all of Newfoundland. Likely that some "natives" found by the Norse were previous (Irish-Celtic or outlawed Norse) settlers, citing data on reported Europoid physical characteristics. Gives a detailed justification of the Spirit Pond stone as a readable map; the Kensington Stone needs reassessment in that light. The Ingstad site was not Leif's. [Sorenson] Cited in Barnes (2001), Sorenson, Bergersen kensington
Chapman, Paul H. America's oldest historical record? NEARA Journal 19/1-2 (1984): 24-27. Gives his evidence for the Spirit Pond Runestones from Maine as authentic Norse. The Mapstone shows northern Newfoundland, telling the story of lost voyagers (Karlsefni-led, he presumes) in 1010-1011. [Sorenson] Cited in Sorenson, Bergersen. New England Antiquities Research Association
Chapman, Paul H. Another look at the archaeologist's report on the Newport tower. On Site [American Institute for Archaeological Research] 1 (August 1985): 7-8. Opposes Godfrey's interpretation of colonial period erection of this structure. It is pre-colonial and contains runic inscriptions. An anthracite coal outcrop is found on Narragansett Bay and coal fragments have been found in Norse ruins on Greenland, although there are no deposits in Greenland, Iceland, or Norway. [Sorenson] Cited in Sorenson. newport
Chapman, Paul H. Narragansett Bay runestone translation. NEARA Journal 21 (1986): 4-5. Reads it as runic. D. Buchanan had previously read it "in various Pan-Mediterranean alphabets" with different results. [Sorenson] Cited by Sorenson, Bergersen [only provides partial information]. New England Antiquities Research Association
Chapman, Paul H. Norumbega/New England. NEARA Journal 22 (1987): 13-15. Cited in Sorenson. New England Antiquities Research Association
Chapman, Paul H. Norumbega : a Norse colony in Rhode Island? The Ancient American 1/6 (1994): 8-11. Reprises cultural, cartographic, inscriptional, and other evidence in support of his thesis. The Narrnagansett Indians (Mohawks) were descendants of the Norse. The only outcropping of anthracite coal, which has been found in Greenland, on the east coast of North America is found near Newport. [Sorenson] Cited in Sorenson newport
Cherry, Brian. 985: The Discovery of America: Excerpts from the Journal of Harald, the Younger. Mt. Clemens, MI: QuickWorks, 1999. 149 pages. (SDS / SDS)
Cherry, Brian. Blood Eagle: A Story of Vikings in America. [Maryland]: PublishAmerica, 2001. 152 pages.
Chester, Emma Sherwood. Karlsefne versus Columbus. Scandinavia 2/12 (December 1885): 295-299. Cited in Barnes (2001), Bergersen
Christensen, Thomas Peter. The Discovery and Re-Discovery of America. Cedar Rapids: Laurance Press, 1934. 133 pages. "The Kensington Runestone," p. 70-80. Cited in Blegen (1968), Enterline (1972) kensington
Christensen, Thomas P. Study of the Kensington stone. Annals of Iowa 32 (April 1954): 297-301. Cited in Blegen (1968) kensington
Christiansen, Peter. William T. Vollmann's The Ice-Shirt: updating Icelandic traditions. Critique 38 (Fall 1996): 52-67. (SDS / SDS)
Clancy, Carl Stearns. The Saga of Leif Ericsson. New York: Pageant Press, 1956. 223 pages. juvenile fiction
Clark, Joan. Eiriksdottir: A Tale of Dreams and Luck: A Novel. Toronto: Macmillan Canada, 1994. 371 pages.
Clark, Tom. From the Vinland voyages. In Like Real People. Santa Rosa, CA: Black Sparrow Press, 1995. Clark, Tom, 1941- poetry fiction
Clarke, A. H. Littorina littorea as an indicator of Norse settlements. Science 142 (22 November 1963): 1022. Rejoinder on same page by N. Spjeldnæs and K. Henningsmoen. [Wahlgren (1969), 74]. Cited in Wahlgren (1969). See Spjeldnaes & Henningsmoen (1963)
Clarke, A. H., and J. S. Erskine. Pre-Columbian Littorina littorea in Nova Scotia. Science 134 (1961): 393-394. Dated to AD 1260. Failure of L. littorea to extend its range southward before 1840 may have been due to oceanographic factors. [Bergersen] Cited in Enterline (1972) [lists pages as 293-294], Bergersen. See Spjeldnaes & Henningsmoen (1963)
Clarke, C. H. The Old stone mill, Touro Park, Newport, R.I. Newport, 1910. 23 pages. Clarke, Charles H. newport
Clarke, Richard H. America discovered and christianized in the tenth and eleventh centuries. The American Catholic Quarterly Review 13 (1888): 211-237. Cited in Barnes (2001). Clarke, Richard Henry, 1827-1911
Clarke, Richard H. The first Christian Northmen in America. The American Catholic Quarterly Review 14 (1889): 598-615. Cited in Barnes (2001). Clarke, Richard Henry, 1827-1911
Clarke, Richard H. The Norse heirarchy in America. The American Catholic Quarterly Review 15 (1890): 249-266. Cited in Barnes (2001), Bergersen. Clarke, Richard Henry, 1827-1911
Clausen, Adler C. Leif Erikson's Discovery of America. Spokane: Swedish Press, 1933. 16 pages.
Clausen, Birthe L. (ed.). Viking Voyages to North America. Roskilde: Vikingeskibshallen, 1993.
Clinton, Hillary Rodham. Preface. In Vikings : The North Atlantic Saga. William W. Fitzhugh & Elisabeth I. Ward (eds.). Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 2000. 8-9. (SDS / SDS)
Clowes, G. S. Laird. Ships of early explorers. Geographical Journal 49 (1927): 216-235. The Viking vessel discovered at Gokstad was an open double-ended boat, 79 feet long and 16.5 in breadth, and must have carried a crew of about 70. [Sorenson] Cited in Sorenson
Coatsworth, Elizabeth Jane. Door to the North: A Saga of Fourteenth Century America. (illustrated by Frederick T. Chapman). Series: Land of the Free (Ed. Erick Berry). 1st ed. Philadelphia: John C. Winston Co., 1950. 246 pages.(SDS / SDS)
Coatsworth, Elizabeth Jane. Das Rätsel der verlassenen Siedlung.
Coatsworth, Elizabeth Jane. Landet utan Namn.
Coblentz, Catherine Cate. The falcon of Eric the Red, 1942.
Cohen, Daniel. Columbus vs. Ericson--what science says. Science Digest 59 (January 1966): 10-15.
Coldsmith, Don. Runestone. New York: Bantam, 1995. 580 pages. (SDS / SDS)
Coldsmith, Don. Schneevogel: historischer Roman über die ersten Wikinger in Amerika.
Colker, Marvin L. America rediscovered in the thirteenth century? Speculum 54/4 (1979): 712-726.
Collier, Christopher. Who discovered America? a review of recent historiography. The South Atlantic Quarterly 66/1 (1967): 31-41. A historian reviews some of the recent literature, particularly on the Vinland Map, but is skeptical of all of it, even of the Ingstads' interpretation. Relies heavily on the authority of Morison in his doubts. [Sorenson] Cited in Sorenson
Collins, Henry Bascom, Jr. Eskimo cultures. Encyclopedia of World Art. Vol. 5. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1961. 1-28. Close affinities of the Ipiutak sculptural art with Bronze and Iron age Eurasiatic (west Siberian) animal style are noted. Dorset carvings with European features in eastern Canada and West Greenland are considered portrayals of 10th century Norse settlers of Greenland. [Sorenson] Cited in Sorenson [lists pages as 2-27] (SDS / SDS)
Collins, Henry B. The L'Anse aux Meadows archaeological site in northern Newfoundland. National Geographic Society Research Reports for 1961-1962. Washington: National Geographic Society, 1970. 39-49. Cited in Enterline (1972). l'anse aux meadows
Comas Camps, Juan. Origen de las culturas precolombinas. Vol. Sep-Setentes, 175: Universidad Autónoma de México, Instituto de Investigaciones Antropológicas, 1975. This volume, intended for the general reader, contains six previously published papers along with new introductory and concluding remarks. His major theme is independent invention vs. diffusion. He supports the former. He critically scrutinizes several diffusionist hypotheses regarding agriculture, trepanning, mummification, etc. Considers North Atlantic hypotheses from Maglemosean up to the Vikings, and African possibilities. Special attention is given to refuting claims of a negroid physical type in Olmec sculptures. [Sorenson] Cited in Sorenson
Commager, Henry Steele. The Empire of Reason: How Europe Imagined and America Realized the Enlightment. paperback ed. Garden City, NY: Anchor Books, 1978. 381 pages. 0385120036. [p. 70, discussing sixteenth & seventeenth century 'discoveries' of monstrous humans in the new worlds] Far to the north, in the land of the great water, or Michinici, dwelt a nation of pygmies who lived in holes in the ground, descendants, probably, of the Skraelings of Iceland; do not scorn them, for they are rich, and all their tools are made of gold and silver! [Footnote, p. 295: On pygmies and Skraelings, see Tryggvi Oleson, Early Voyages and Northern Approaches 1000-1362 (Canadian Centenary Series, I: NY, 1964).] In a place called Estoiland were natives with one leg... Cites Babcock (1922), Gathorne-Hardy (1921), Haven (1856), Oleson (New York, 1964), Winsor (Boston, 1889) passing (SDS / SDS)
Conant, K. J. The Newport tower or mill. Rhode Island History 7/1 (1948): 2-7. Cited in Bergersen, Sorenson [under listing for Holand (1948)] Cites Holand (1948). Holand, Hjalmar Rued, 1872-1963 newport
Connell, Evan S., Jr. Paradise abandoned. The Discovery of America & Other Myths: A New World Reader. Thomas Christensen & Carol Christensen (eds.). San Francisco: Chronicle, 1992. 17-20. Cited in Hardin (1998)
Connell, Evan S. Vinland Vínland. The Aztec Treasure House: Selected Essays. Washington, DC: Counterpoint, 2001. 58-82. A popular overview, summarizing the both Eiríks Ţáttr Rauđa and Grnlendingaţáttr. Brief discussion of proposed locations for Vinland and Norse artifacts found in North America. Dated, surely was written well before this volume was published. Refers by name to Gwyn Jones, Hjalmar Holand, Birgitta Wallace but cites no specific works. Alludes to the work of Eben Horsford and others without giving their names. dighton kensington l'anse aux meadows newport (SDS / SDS)
Conrad, Bryce. Refiguring America: A Study of William Carlos Williams' In the American Grain. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1990. Cites Williams (1956). Cited in Barnes (2001)
Conradi, P. W. Kensington-stenen. Lidt om runeskrift i almindelighed og indskriften paa stenen. Er den ægte? Skandinaven (Chicago) (10 March 1899): 2. Cited in Blegen (1968) kensington
Cook, Sherburne R. Discussion. Human Paleopathology. Ed. Saul Jarcho. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1966. 112-116. Comments on what happens when a population which is in fairly stable equilibrium with pathology endemic to their environment is exposed to new factors by the arrival of exotic visitors. The first phase probably involves very sporadic, casual movement of a few visiting individuals into untouched areas. Examples show that such visitors were fully capable of carrying pathogens. Examples: landings of Japanese on the Northwest Coast, the Norse in Greenland and New England, or the voyages of Cabrillo and Drake up the Pacific coast. The evidence that disease was actually introduced on such occasions is slight but suggestive. In California there is a very strong suspicion, based on archaeological evidence, that Drake's brief visit caused a drop in native population. [Regarding the indeterminacy of present knowledge of pre-Columbian versus imported diseases] we also need to re-examine the symptomatology to define much better what diseases were endemic and which epidemic. A disease called matlazahuatl in the 15th century killed between two and three million people in a year in central Mexico. It recurred sporadically and intermittently thereafter until the last epidemic, in 1740, after which time it has been completely unknown. So what was it? We simply cannot tell. [Sorenson] Cited in Sorenson passing
Cook, Warren L., editor. "Ancient Vermont": Proceedings of the Castleton Conference. Rutland, VT: Castleton State College, 1978. A transcript of recorded proceedings from a conference held October 1977. Most participants were in some degree enthusiasts for the idea that transatlantic contacts with inhabitants of the territory now in the eastern United States had occurred before the 16th century and that certain structures and "inscriptions" support that view. The material includes discussions, sometimes animated, on controversial issues. Intended to weigh the claims of Fell and his associates, but few opponents showed up, hence the proceedings are mainly supportive. [Sorenson] Cited in Sorenson
Cooper, Paul Fenimore, Jr. The representation of Greenland on the Vinland map. Proceedings of the Vinland Map Conference, Smithsonian Institution, 1966. Ed. Wilcomb E. (ed.) Washburn. Studies in the History of Discoveries: The Monograph Series of the Society for the History of Discoveries. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1971. 85-88. (SDS / SDS) Cited in Enterline (1972), Bergersen. vinland map
Copenhagen. Universitet. Bibliotek. Manuscript. Arnamag, to. The Arna-Magnæan manuscript 557 4to containing inter alia the history of the first discovery of America. With an introduction by Dag Strömbäck. Copenhagen: E. Munksgaard, 1940. 100 Valdimars saga.--Gunnlaugs saga ormstungu.-- Hallfre ar saga vandræ askálds.--Hrafns saga Sveinbjarnarsonar.--Eiríks saga rauða
Cordes, Mrs. Dean. [Replica of the Kensington Rune Stone]. [Alexandria, MN; Madison, WI: Distributed by University of Wisconsin Press?], 1958? 1 Kensington Stone Rune replica : plaster of paris ; 20 x 10 x 4 cm. Replica of the Kensington Rune Stone. Replica is 20 cm. High, 10 cm. Wide and 4 cm. Deep. It is gray plaster of paris, with runic writing on the front and on the left edge, and fits into a gray plaster of paris base for display. Kensington Rune Stone replica. Sheet describing the Kensington Rune Stone attached to back of replica. "Made by Mrs. Dean Cordes, Alexandria, Minnesota."--Sheet attached to replica. realia memoribilia
Corrado. The Location of Vinland, 1960.
Coulton, Richard L. Charting of Vinland by the Norse. Mariner's Mirror 67/2 (May 1981): 187-192.
Cour, V. la. Nordboernes gamle Boldspil [review]. Danske Studier 3 (1905): 174-176. Says we know too little about the Norse ball-game knattleikr to be sure that it resembled Canadian lacrosse. Cf Nielsen (1905). [Bergersen] Review of Hertzberg (1904) Cited in Bergersen, Sorenson knattleikr book review
Covey, Cyclone. The Oklahoma runestone. The Ancient American 1/6 (1994): 4-6. A brief history of the Heavener stone and attempts to decipher its inscription. His discussion of some of the signs on this and other stones reported by Gloria Farley compares them with signs in Europe. This leads him to claim "an extensive presence along the Arkansas and Canadian (Rivers) waterway of early-centuries-a.d. North Europeans." [Sorenson] Cited in Sorenson heavener
Cox, Steven L. A Norse penny from Maine. Vikings : The North Atlantic Saga. William W. Fitzhugh & Elisabeth I. Ward (eds.). Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 2000. 206-7. (SDS / SDS)
Coxe, Maria M. Son o' the North, a Saga of Leif the Lucky, and Other Verses. Boston: H. Vinal, 1930. 78 pages. fiction poetry
Craigie, W. A. The Icelandic Sagas. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1913. 120 pages. 'Among the shorter sagas there are several which deal more or less with Greenland, one of which (Fóstbrđra saga) has already been mentioned. The discovery and settlement of that country are briefly related in the opening chapters of the saga of Eirík the Red (also, and with more reason, called the saga of Thorfinn Karlsefni). Some events in the early history of the settlement are then recounted, and here occurs the fullest extant description of an old Icelandic 'spae-wife' and her methods of divination. There are also strange tales of hauntings and dead men's prophecies, mingled with matter of great historical and geographical interest. Leif, the son of Eirík, had been in Norway and had there accepted the Christian faith. On his way back to Greenland he was driven out of his course, and came to a strange land, which either then or soon afterwards received the name of Vínland. Some years later (apparently in 1007) an expedition sailed in search of Vínland, under the leadership of Thorfinn, and the later part of the saga gives an account of its fortunes. The details given in this account have been much discussed and disputed, and the matter is complicated by the existence of a very different form of the story, but there is no reason to doubt the general fact that Thorfinn and his comrades explored a considerable part of the eastern coast of North America. Vínland and its inhabitants are alluded to by Ari Thorgilsson, obviously as something well known, and Ari's information came from very reliable sources. Moreover, Thorfinn's son Snorri, who was born in Vínland, was the immediate ancestor of several famous Icelandic bishops, and it is in the highest degree improbable that these would have been mistaken in matters so closely connected with their family history.' [p. 57] On trans. of sagas into English: 'The sagas relating to the discovery of America by the Icelanders have been most fully dealt with by Arthur Reeves in the Finding of Wineland the Good (1890). [p. 113] Cites Reeves (1890). passing (SDS / SDS)
Crane, Ed. Professor calls runestone fake, says Swedish pastor 'carved it'. Minneapolis Sunday Tribune (26 December 1948): Upper Midwest Section, p. 10. "In MHS "Scrapbook," 1:42. The professor referred to was J. A. Holvik." [Blegen]. Cited in Blegen (1968). Holvik, J. A. kensington
Cranz, D. Historie von Grönland enthaltend die Beschreibung des Landes und der Einwohnen u. insbesondere die Geschichte der dortigen Mission der Evangelischen Brüder zu Neu-Herrnhut und Lichtenfels. Barby: Heinrich Detlef Ebers, 1765.
Crompton, George. Location of Leif Erickson's Vinland. Venice, FL: Sunshine Press, 1975. 28 pages. The location was No Man's Land (island), Massachusetts. [Sorenson] Cited in Sorenson
Cronau, Rudolf. Amerika: Die Geschichte seiner Entdeckung von der ältesten bis auf die neueste Zeit. Eine Festschrift zur 400 jährigen Jubelfeier der Entdeckung Amerikas durch Christoph Columbus. 2 vols. Leipzig: Abel und Müller, 1892.
Crone, Gerald Roe. The Discovery of America. 1969.
Crone, Gerald Roe. How authentic is the 'Vinland Map'? Encounter 26/2 (February 1966): 75-78. [S]ays the "Vinland Map" is based almost entirely upon Bianco's world map, which is in the Biblioteca Nazionale, and has been in Venice from the first. Says it is probably post-Columbian. "Its representation of Vinland is not of exceptional significance, and possibly derives in part from a reading of the (Norse) Sagas". [Bergersen] Cited in Wahlgren (1969), Cassidy (1968). Bergersen vinland map
Crone, Gerald Roe. The Mythical Islands of the Atlantic Ocean: A Suggestion as to Their Origin. Amsterdam, 1939. 164-171. Considered by Quinn "still the best introduction to the subject." [Sorenson] Cited in Quinn (???), Sorenson, Bergersen [lists as 1938]
Crone, Gerald Roe. The 'sources' of the Vinland map. Geographical Journal 140/Pt. 2 (June 1974): 205-208. [S]ays the map was probably fabricated some years after 1912. [Bergersen] Cited in Bergersen vinland map
Crone, Gerald Roe. Vikings at Sea. History Today 16 (May 1966): 361-362.
Crone, Gerald Roe. The Vinland map geographically considered. Geographical Journal 132/1 (March 1966): 75-80. He finds the representation credible. [Sorenson] Cited in Cassidy (1968), Sorenson, Bergersen vinland map
Crosby, Alfred W. Ecological imperialism: the biological expansion of Europe, 900-1900. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986. Cited in Barnes (2001), Frakes (2001).
Crozier, Alan. The *Vinland hypothesis: a reply to the historians. Gardar: Årsbok for Samfundet Sverige-Island i Lund-Malmö 29 (1998): 37-63. Swedish summary. Cited in Frakes (2001).
Crumlin-Pedersen, Ole. The Ships of the Vikings (Thorsten Andersson and Karl Inge Sandred, ed.). Uppsala: Almquist and Wiskell, 1978. 32-41. Discusses sizes and types of Viking and other medieval ships of northern Europe. Also provides a list and dates for major ship finds. [Sorenson] Cited in Sorenson
Crumlin-Pedersen, Ole. Viking Shipbuilding and Seamanship (Hans Bekker-Neilsen, Peter Foote and Olaf Olsen, eds.). Århus: Odense University Press, 1981. 271-286. Cited in Sorenson
Cumming, W. P., R. A. Skelton, and D. B. Quinn. The Discovery of North America. New York: American Heritage Press, 1971.
Cumming, W. P., R. A. Skelton, and D. B. Quinn. The Discovery of North America. London, 1971.
Cupello, Miryam. Incognitas del nuevo mundo. Caracas: Cuadernos Lagoven, 1990. Each chapter intelligently discusses a historical or anthropological "unknown"; all are illustrated and refer to a significant bibliography, although it does not include all works she cites. Pages 70-75: An unhelpful short treatment of the Vikings. In subsequent pages are a few items of minor interest mainly having to do with language, writing and blood groups. [Sorenson] Cited in Sorenson
Cuppy, W. The Decline and Fall of Practically Everybody. Boston: Nonpareil Books, 1984.
Curme may go to Minnesota. Chicago Tribune (23 February 1899): 7. Cited in Blegen (1968) kensington
Curran, James W. America's Strangest Story: Here Was Vinland, the Great Lakes Region of America. Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario: [n.p.], 1939.
Curran, James W. Here was Vinland: the Great Lakes Region of America. Sault St. Marie (Ontario): Sault St. Marie Daily Star, 1939. 359 pages.
Currelly, C. T. Viking weapons found near Beardmore, Ontario. Canadian Historical Review March (1939). Listed in Vikings: The North Atlantic Saga as appearing in 1940 in Antiquity 14:200-204. Possibly a reprint? Cited in Enterline (1972) offprint
Currelly, C. T., and O. C. Elliott. The case of the Beardmore relics. Canadian Historical Review September (1941): 254-279.
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