F - by author, year, title (anonymous entries listed by title)

Faegri, K. Plantenes utbredelse som vitnesbyrd om menneskenes historie. Naturen (Bergen, Norway) 88/6 (1964): 344-351. Weeds and meadow grasses may have migrated with man. An example is the North American blue-eyed grass Sisyrhynchium found on the site of the Old Norse settlement Vestribygd in southwest Greenland. Although considered to have survived the glacial period in Greenland, it may equally well have been transplanted from Vinland by visiting Norsemen. [Sorenson] Cited in Sorenson

Fales, Ernest. History of the Norsemen's visits to Rhode Island and Massachusetts in the Tenth Century. Providence, RI: F. N. Shaw, 1888. 14 pages.

Falnes, Oscar J. New England interest in Scandinavian culture and the Norsemen. New England Quarterly 10 (June 1937): 211-242. Morison, Samuel Eliot (journal ed.). Cited in Barnes (2001), Bergersen. dighton rock newport (SDS / SDS)

Fanfani, Amintore. La Vinland Map del 1440 e le nuove polemiche sulla scoperta dell'America. Economia e Storia 4 (1965): 465-479. Italian version of The ‘Vinland Map’ and the New Controversy over the Discovery of America. Istituto Italiano di Cultura in New York is an office of the Italian government foreign department. Fanfani (deceased) was a very important man in Italian politics during several decades after the war: leader of the most important party of those times (Democrazia Cristiana), several times Prime Minister, minister for foreign affairs etc. I have not seen this paper. I think it concerns political or diplomatical matters (Columbus was Italian, or so it seems). The paper can be retrieved in a public library in Pisa, the nearest town from where I live, but when I visited there, the other day, it was not immediately available. [GMR] vinland map (GMR / ???)

Fanfani, Amintore. The "Vinland map" and the controversy over the discovery of America, 1965. vinland map

Fardy, Bernard D. Leifsburdir : the Vikings in Newfoundland, 1993.

Farley, Gloria. The Heavener runestone. Oklahoma Today Autumn 1968: 26-27. A runestone found in Oklahoma is reported and illustrated. [Sorenson] Cited in Sorenson, Bergersen heavener

Farley, Gloria. The Heavener runestone carvings. The Chronicles of Oklahoma Summer 1970: 235-241. Cited in Bergersen, Sorenson heavener

Farley, Gloria. Norsemen in Oklahoma. Anthropological Journal of Canada 11/4 (1973): 68-70. Based upon the discovery of runic inscriptions. [Sorenson] Cited in Sorenson, Bergersen heavener

Farley, Gloria. The Oklahoma runestones are authentic. Popular Archaeology 1973: 4-15. Repeats information on inscribed stones found and cites "epigraphers" to confirm their runic nature. [Sorenson] Cited in Jones (1986) [lists as in the August, 1973 Pop. Arch., pages 4-7.], Sorenson, Bergersen heavener

Farley, Gloria. The Vikings were here. 1973, 1975.

Farley, Gloria. Eleventh century manuscripts in Oklahoma. Manuscripts 26/3 (1974): 171-175. Cited in Bergersen, Sorenson heavener

Farley, Gloria. The runestones are still authentic: a challenge. Popular Archaeology 1975: 9-14. Challenges archaeologists and epigraphers to take and study her Oklahoma finds seriously. [Sorenson] Cited in Sorenson, Bergersen heavener

Farley, Gloria. The Heavener Runestone. Oklahoma City: Oklahoma Tourism and Recreation Department, 1982. (SDS / SDS) A popular-level roundup of her discovery, claims and interpretations in regard to this inscription. [Sorenson] Cited in Sorenson, Bergersen heavener

Farley, Gloria. In Plain Sight: Old World Records in Ancient America. Columbus, GA: ISAC Press, 1994. 483 pages. (SDS / SDS) In the course of her anecdotal account of discoveries of and encounters with various stone or coin records, she describes hundreds of inscriptions in North America. She claims that 20 ancient alphabets of the Old World are used in these inscriptions to convey religious and other symbolic information. Makes virtually no attempt to sort the inscriptions by style, date, origin or other useful criteria for judging which of these might qualify for scholarly study; she assumes that all are ancient. [Sorenson] Cited in Sorenson heavener

Farley, Ralph Milne. Eric of Aztalan. (illustrated by Harold S. Delay) Golden Fleece 2/1 (January 1939): 3-51. Aztalan (WI) -- Fiction; fiction Farley, Ralph Milne, 1887-1963

A farmer's fun. Time (8 February 1954): 69. Cited in Blegen (1968) kensington

Farnum, Alexander. Visits of the Northmen to Rhode Island. Series: Rhode Island Historical Tracts. Vol. 2. Providence: S. S. Rider, 1877. 41 pages.

Fay, Jos. Story. The Track of the Norseman: A Monograph. Boston: W. F. Moore, 1873. 7 pages.

Fay, Joseph Story. Wood's Holl : The Track of the Norseman : A Monograph.

Feldman, Mark. The Mystery Hill Story. North Salem, Massachusetts: Mystery Hill Press, 1977. A popular treatment of the early-Europeans-in-Massachusetts thesis. [Sorenson] Cited in Sorenson

Fell, Harold Barraclough (Barry). Epigraphy of the Susquehanna Steles. Epigraphic Society Occasional Publications 2/45 (1975): 1-8. "On epigraphic evidence, the necropolis of a late Bronze Age Iberian settlement is identified from representative examples of over 400 funerary headstones collected by the late Dr. William Walker Strong from an area about 80 miles from the mouth of the Susquehanna River, Pennsylvania." The language is Basque, written in "the Iberian script." Names of the settlers indicate extensive intercommunication between Norse and Basques in the Bronze Age. The date inferred is between ca. 800 and 600 b.c. [Sorenson] Cited in Sorenson

Fell, Barry. America B.C.: European Settlers in the New World. New York: Quadrangle/New York Times Book Co., 1976.

Fell, Barry. Saga America. New York: Quadrangle/New York Times Book Co., 1980.

Fell, Harold Barraclough (Barry). The Bohuslan culture (Bronze Age Norse) in North America. Epigraphic Society Occasional Publications 10/1 (1982): 17-29. Characteristics of this Scandinavian area account for so-called anomalous writing on the Kensington Stone. [Sorenson] Cited in Sorenson kensington

Fell, Harold Barraclough (Barry). The Bohuslan culture (Bronze Age Norse) in North America. Epigraphic Society Occasional Publications 10/1 (1982): 17-29. Characteristics of this Scandinavian area account for so-called anomalous writing on the Kensington Stone [see N-061]. [Sorenson] Cited in Sorenson

Fell, Barry. Bronze-Age America. Boston: Little, Brown, 1982. 304 pages.

Fell, Harold Barraclough (Barry). Bronze Age Nordic traders in Canada. New light on Peterborough. Epigraphic Society Occasional Publications 17 (1988): 274-275. Jon Galster, a Danish epigrapher who deciphers pictographs, claims that they are a form of writing which records elements of Norse mythology some 700 years earlier than previously known. He examined the Peterborough site in 1983 and now confirms most of Fell's readings, in particular the name Ugdrasil and the World Tree represented with it. He has published a book on this and other inscriptions pictured in Fell's book, Bronze Age America. [Sorenson] Cited in Sorenson

Fernald, M. L. Notes on the plants of Wineland the Good. Rhodora, Journal of the New England Botanical Club (Boston) 12/134 (February 1910): 17-38.

Fernald, Merritt Lyndon. The natural history of ancient Vinland and its geographical significance. Bulletin of the American Geographical Society 47/9 (1915): 686-687.

Fernández-Armesto, Felipe. Before Columbus. Exploration and Colonisation from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic 1229-1492. London, 1987. Cited in Barnes (2001). relevant?

Ferro, Gaetano. La Carta del Vinland e la relazione del viaggio ai Tartari. Rivista Geografica Italiana 73 (1966): 305-311. He informs the reader about the publication of the book of the Yale University Press (by R. A. Skelton, Thomas E. Marston, and George D. Painter). Ferro is non-committal and does not question the supposed authenticity of the map. In recent times I happened to see Ferro's name quoted as the President of the Italian Geographical Society. I do not know if he still holds that position. [GMR] Review of Skelton Marston & Painter (1965) vinland map (GMR / ???)

Ferryn, Patrick. Drakkars en Amérique du Nord. Kadath: Chroniques des civilisations disparues (Brussels) 30 (1981): 21-33. Recaps the claims and materials of Mahieu about Norse journeys to and wide influence in America. [Sorenson] Cited in Sorenson

Ferryn, Patrick. Des bateaux de roseaux dans le courant diffusioniste. Kadath: Chroniques des civilisations disparues (Brussels) 68 (1988): 43-54. A well-informed summary of the history of some diffusionist thought in relation to Atlantic voyaging, and a survey of evidence in favor of the idea, but also involving the idea that very old American remains could indicate movement to the Old World. (For example, he cites from Chile some 96 mummies embalmed in "a very sophisticated manner" with a C-14 date on one of 5800 b.c., so was there diffusion from Chile to Egypt? he asks.) Included is a discussion of recent work on the Kensington Stone and the Vinland Map which he suggests may rehabilitate both. [Sorenson] Cited in Sorenson, Bergersen. kensington vinland map

Fiction reprints. Publishers Weekly 235 (3 March 1989):100. Review of Smiley (1988). Cited in Nakadate (1999) book review passing

Find a Norse tablet. Minnesota farmers unearth ancient stone near Kensington. Bears runic records. Tells story exploration America in 1362. Treasure presented to Northwestern University--Inscription translated by prof. Curme. Chicago Daily Inter-Ocean (21 February 1899): 5. Cited in Blegen (1968) kensington

Fingerhut, Eugene R. Who First Discovered America? A Critique of Writings on Pre-Columbian Voyages. Series: Guides to Historical Issues No. 1. Claremont, CA: Regina Books, 1984. A "historiographical" survey of the literature claiming transoceanic contacts. Coverage is useful though brief. Only English-language sources are handled. Separate chapters are on transatlantic contacts between medieval Europe and North America, the Norse specifically, and transpacific contacts in general, followed by more detail on Oceania, China and Japan, and finally sub-Saharan African contacts. Chapter 7 includes a discussion of basic issues, featuring an "impartial look at cultural diffusion and independent development, statements favorable to diffusion, and works critical of it." Chapter 8 is entirely on biological evidence and claims. Chapter 9 summarizes. The author index lists about 350 names. [Sorenson] Cited in Sorenson

Finnur Jónsson. Erik den Rødes Saga og Vinland. 1911, 1912.

Finnur Jónsson. Flateyjarbók. Aarbøger for nordisk Oldkyndighed og Historie 3/17 (1927): 139-90.

Finnur Jónsson. Íslendingabók  (Are hinn Fróði Þorgilsson). Tilegnet Islands Alting 930-1930 af Dansk-Islandsk Forbunsfond. København: Levin & Munksgaard, 1930. 74 pages.

Finnur Jónsson. Opdagelsen af og Rejserne til Vinalnd. Aarbørger for nordisk Oldyndighed og Historie 50 (1915): 205-221. [C]ompares Grænlendinga saga and Eiríks saga rauða. Argues in favor of the latter. If there was anything at all in the descriptions of this saga matching the places in Labrador etc., they should be possible to find (using the method of Hovgaard (1914). Thus see Steensby (1920)). Suggests that Bjarni Herjúlfsson (Grænlendinga saga) = Bjarni Grímólfsson (Eiríks saga rauða). [Bergersen]

Finnur Jónsson, and Jónsson Eiríkur. Hauksbók. Copenhagen, 1892-1896. Cited in Matthias Thórdarson, Vinland Voyages. Cited in Wahlgren (1969), Bergersen

First map of the New World. Antiquarian Bookman 36/25 (October 1965): 1535-1536. vinland map

Fischer, Jos. Die Entdeckungen der Normannen in Amerika, unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der kartographischen Darstellungen. Freiburg im Breisgau: Herder, 1902. 126 pages.

Fischer, Joseph. The Discoveries of the Norsemen in America : with Special Relation to their Early Cartographical Representation.

Fiske, John. The Beginnings of New England, or, the Puritan Theocracy in its Relation to Civil and Religious Liberty. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1917.

Fiske, John. The Discovery of America, with Some Account of Ancient America and the Spanish Conquest. Vol. 1 of 3 vols. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, 1892.

Fitzhugh, William. Environmental archaeology and cultural systems in Hamilton Inlet, Labrador; a survey of the central Labrador coast from 3000 B.C. to the present. Series: Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology. Vol. 16. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1972.

Fitzhugh, William W. Early contacts north of Newfoundland before A. D. 1600: a review. Cultures in Contact: The Impact of European Contacts on Native American Cultural Institutions, a.d. 1000-1800. Ed. William W. Fitzhugh. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1985. 23-43. Pages 27-31: Reviews Norse contacts, archaeological evidences for them, and apparent consequences for the native peoples. L'Anse aux Meadows is the only Norse site in North America known and was the probable location of Vinland. Among items discussed: a Norse penny in Maine, a Late Dorset-style soapstone lamp found at L'Anse, a bronze balance arm from a Thule site, chain mail fragments, a bronze bowl, knife blades, wool cloth, etc. There were apparently voyages to Labrador occasionally from the eleventh to fourteenth centuries, either as accidents or as trading or other expeditions. Contacts were probably brief and had little effect on natives, but existing models do not account for all the evidence. Yet natives would have become acquainted with Norse nautical skills, trading and military tactics, etc. The most potentially important aspect of Norse technology, smelting of iron, was never revealed to native peoples, or was never adopted, perhaps due to shortage of firewood. [Sorenson] Cited in Sorenson, Bergersen
l'anse aux meadows

Fitzhugh, Wiliam W., and Elisabeth I. Ward. Introduction: celebrating the Viking past: a Viking millennium in America. Vikings : The North Atlantic Saga. William W. Fitzhugh & Elisabeth I. Ward (eds.). Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 2000. 351-53.

Fitzhugh, William W. (ed.). Cultures in Contact: The Impact of European Contacts on Native American Cultural Institutions, A.D. 1000-1492. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1985. A collection of papers from meetings of the Anthropological Society of Washington, 1981-1982. Nothing significant is said about contacts before the 16th century, despite the title. [Sorenson] Cited in Sorenson [lists title as "a.d. 1000-1800"]

Fitzhugh, William W., and Elisabeth I. Ward (eds.) . Vikings : The North Atlantic Saga. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 2000. 416 pages. 156098970x (1560989955 ppk).  (SDS / SDS)

Flatey book.

Flateyjarbók.

Fleming, Robin. Picturesque history and the medieval in nineteenth-century America. The American Historical Review 100/4 (October 1995): 1061-1094. (SDS / SDS)

Fleuriot, J. E. Les voyages des Vikings en Amérique du Nord avant Colomb. Nature 3245 (1955): 337-342. A brief survey of literary and archaeological evidence of exploration and colonization in West Greenland and northeastern North America. [Sorenson]
[A] summary of evidence of exploration and colonization in Greenland and NE America. [Bergersen] Cited in Sorenson, Bergersen

Flom, George T. The Kensington Rune-Stone. An Address ... Delivered before the Illinois State Historical Society at its Annual Meeting, May 5-6, 1910 at Springfield, Illinois. Springfield, IL: Illinois State Historical Society, 1910.

Fogelblad, Sven. Presterna och religions-undervisningen. Upplysningens Tidehvarf (Glencoe, MN) 1/(December) (1877): 4-5. Cited in Blegen (1968) kensington

Foght, Harold W. The Norse discovery of America with some reference to its true significance. An historical thesis. Blair, NE: Danish Lutheran Publishing House, 1901. 152 pages. "In substance, my thesis for the degree of A. M. in Augustana college, Rock Island, Illinois."--Introd. "A bibliography of some of the chief works referred to": 6th-7th prelim. leaves. Foght, Harold Waldstein, 1869-

Folgero, Gerhard. Viking Ship "Leif Erikson": n.p., 1926. 1 leaf folded to make 4-page brochure 6" x 8.5", photo of ship & map of route on front page; 3 pages text. In 1926 a ship was built of the type used by Leif Erikson in the Discovery of America. A crew of four sailed it from Norway to Iceland and from there followed Erikson's original course to America. The brochure tells of the building of the ship and the voyage. With it are two Photograph-postcards; 1 of the ship: The Lief Erikson, the other of the crew that sailed it.

Foote, Peter G. On the Vínland legends on the Vinland map. Saga-Book of the Viking Society for Northern Research 17/1 (1966): 73-89. Cited in Barnes (1994) (2001) [lists pages as 78-84], Bergersen

Foote, Peter G. The Vinland Map, II: On the Vinland Legends on the Vinland Map. Saga Book of the Viking Society 17/Pt. 1 (1966): 73-89.

Forged map declared the real thing. The Deseret News (14 February 1996). Yale University Press has just published a new edition of The Vinland Map and Tartar Relation [Skelton Marston & Painter (1965)]. Historians and scientists have reanalyzed the map and established its authenticity. McCrone [(1988)] found chemical evidence that the ink was modern. Different tests, in 1985, concluded that the earlier results were erroneous, since the supposedly modern chemicals found by McCrone have since been found also on other medieval documents. McCrone still disagrees. [Sorenson] Associated Press. Cites Skelton Marston & Painter (1995), McCrone (1988). Cited in Sorenson vinland map wire

Førnesbronen. Telesoga (Fergus Falls, MN) 1/(March) (1909): 62-63. Cited in Blegen (1968) kensington

Forster. Geschichte der Entdeckungen und Schiffahrten im Norden. Frankfort, 1784. pp. 44-48

Forster, John Reinhold. History of the Voyages and Discoveries made in the North, translated from the German.

Fossum, Andrew. Hudson Bay route to solve problem. Norwegian-American (Northfield, MN) (22 October 1909): 1, 5. Cited in Blegen (1968) kensington

Fossum, Andrew. The Norse Discovery of America. Series: Minneapolis, MN. Augsburg Publishing House, 1918. 160 "Notes. Bibliography": p. 157-158. Cited in Blegen (1968), Enterline (1972)

Fossum, Andrew. Study of language on the Kensington runestone leads to satisfactory results. Norwegian-American (24 February 1911): 1, 3, 6. Cited in Blegen (1968) kensington

Foty, Geraldine R. Norse folklore helps shape ambitious novle. Worcester [Mass.] Sunday Telegram (29 May 1988):12D. Review of Smiley (1988). Cited in Nakadate (1999) book review passing

1440 map: who was first? Senior Scholastic 87/28 (October 1965): 17. vinland map

Fowke, Gerard. Points of difference between Norse remains and Indian works most closely resembling them. American Anthropologist 2 (1900): 550-562. Distinguishes between Indian and what he considers Norse sites on or near the Charles River, Massachusetts. [Sorenson] Based on Horsford (1898, 1899). Presents Norse remains, mounds, graves etc. in various places in North America. Says the dwellings of Leif and Thorfinn are situated one on each side of a little stream which falls into the Charles at teh Cambridge Hospital. [Bergersen] Cited in Sorenson, Bergersen

Frakes, Jerold C. Vikings, Vínland and the discourse of eurocentrism. Journal of English and Germanic Philology 100/2 (April 2001):157-199.

Fraser, A. D. The Norsemen in Canada. The Dalhousie Review (July 1937): 175-186. After questioning much else in the way of supposed evidence, an archaeologist from the University of Virginia is convinced that the weathered condition of the Kensington Stone, including in the letters themselves, could not have been faked successfully, hence must have been exposed for generations or centuries. [Sorenson] Cited in Sorenson, Bergersen kensington

Fredenholm, Axel. Nordmannaspår i Amerika, eller, Amerikas upptäckt av nordmännen år 1000. Jönköping: H. Halls boktryckeri-aktiebolag, 1922. 30 pages. Amerikas upptäckt av nordmännen år 1000. Includes bibliographical references (p. [25]-30). Fredenholm, Axel, 1881-

Freely, Maureen. Gunnar lore. The Observer (London) (11 December 1988):47. Review of Smiley (1988). Cited in Nakadate (1999) book review passing

Freifeld, Karen. Art analysis: probing beneath the image. IEEE Spectrum 23 (June 1986): 66-71. vinland map

Freuchen, Peter. Book of the Eskimos. Ed. & with a preface by Dagmar Freuchen. 1961. Believes the migration of the Thule Culture Eskimo is responsible for the demise of the Norse in Greenland: "The last migration wave probably overran the dying-out Norse settlers in the fifteenth century." [p. 20 of the Fawcett Crest paperback ed.] Recounts the history of the Norse settlements in Greenland [p. 311-312 of the Fawcett Crest paperback ed.]. "Thus the Norse colonies were established in Greenland, and from there Eric's son, Leif , later sailed to America." [p. 311] is the only mention of the Norse discovery of North America. Freuchen, Dagmar (trans & ed.). passing

Freudenthal, A. O. (attributed). Nordboarnes skepp och sjöfärder i forna dagar. Series: Pennibibliothek för swenska allmogen i Finland. Vol. 9. Helsingfors: G.W. Edlund, 1867. 19 pages. Signed A. O. F. Has been attributed to A. O. Freudenthal. Freudenthal, Axel Olof, 1836-1911

Fridley, Russell W. Debate continues over Kensington rune stone. Minnesota History 45/4 (1976): 149-156. Reports on taped interviews from the Minnesota Historical Society archives with children of one of the men blamed for the hoax of the Kensington Stone; they conclusively establish the fraud, it is claimed. [Sorenson] Minnesota Historical Society. Cited in Sorenson, Bergersen kensington

Friederici, Georg. Review of Vinland treatises by P. Nørlund and H. Hermannsson. Göttingische Gelehrte Anzeigen 201/1 (February 1939): 69-88. Hermannsson (1936?), Nørlund (1937?). Cited in Wahlgren (1969) book review

Friedrich, Orval. Early Vikings & the Ice Age. 1984.

Friedrich, Orval. Early Vikings in a New World. 1995.

Friedrich, Orval. The great ice sheet & early Vikings in mid-America. 1993.

Friedrich, Orval. Vikings Ho!. 1996.

Fritze, Ronald H. Legend and Lore of the Americas before 1492: An Encyclopedia of Visitors, Explorers, and Immigrants. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 1993. The author is a professor of history (early modern England). Some 216 entries cover "interesting as well as amusing tales" from Abubakari to Zichmni, with looks in between at Atlantis, Melungeons, the Nephites, the sweet potato, and the Zeno brothers. He has reviewed a sizable literature (English language only), and most entries are informative for a general public audience. He typically relies on limited, establishmentarian sources like S. Williams or N. Davies to resolve complicated issues, always in favor of either the inventionist view or "not proven." Overall the thesis emerges that "continuing archaeological research has only served to bolster the Bering Strait Theory . . . while undermining the rest." The entries are heavy on biography but selective (e.g., a page and a half on Justin Winsor but nothing on George Carter). [Sorenson] Cited in Sorenson

Fritze, Ronald H. Poor Old Columbus: The Politics and Ideologies behind the Theories of Pre- Columbian Discoveries of the Americas from 1500 to the Present. Beaumont, TX: Lamar University-Beaumont Distinguished Faculty Lecture, Lamar University, 1994. Begins with a historiographical discussion of the "Unknown Pilot" stories considered as a folkloric response by New World Spaniards to the claim of priority in discovery by Columbus, a Genoese. The historiography of claims and counterclaims about Madoc is treated in a similar vein; it was a nationalistic response. Abubakari is handled with more brevity. Under "bizarre theories" short comments are made about Gladwin and Fell ("Present evidence . . . shows that the supposed inscriptions are merely scratches in rocks produced by glaciation, erosion, and weathering"). "As long as people maintain a taste for bizarre theories and as long as national or ethnic pride blunts objective and critical thinking, theories about pre-Columbian visitors will continue to attract adherents." [Sorenson] Cited in Sorenson

Fulton, E. Kaye. An echo from the past: latter-day Vikings sail for Canada. Maclean's 104/31 (5 August 1991): 38-40. Article on the Gaia's voyage from Norway to Newfoundland. reenactment

Fulton, E. Kaye. Historic visions: Norse voyagers carry a cargo of messages. Maclean's 104/32 (12 August 1991): 39. Brief article on the Gaia's voyage from Norway to Newfoundland. reenactment