Gad, Finn. Vinlandskortet. Historisk Tidsskrift (Copenhagen) 2/1 (1966): 57-90. Revised article on The Vinland Map & Tartar Relation. English summary.
Gad, Finn. A History of Greenland, I. To 1700. London: C. Hurst, 1970. 350 pages. Cited in Enterline (1972), Quinn (1977)
Gaffarel, Paul. Étude sur les rapports de l'Amérique et de l'ancien continent avant Christophe Colomb. Paris: E. Thorin, 1869. 346 pages. Pages 225-260 [Les Northmans]: Heavily documented account of the Norse voyages; Vinland was Massachusetts. [Sorenson] Cited in Sorenson. Gaffarel, Paul, 1843-1920
Gaffarel, Paul. Le Vinland et la Norombega. Dijon: Darantiere, 1890. 64 pages. Gaffarel, Paul, 1843-1920
Gaffarel, Paul. Histoire de la découverte de l'Amerique depuis les origines jusqu'à la mort de Christophe Colomb. Paris: A. Rousseau, 1892. Phoenicians voyaged via the Azores to America, as shown by evidences from tradition, customs, metallurgy, and monuments such as Dighton Rock, Grave Creek stone, and the Parahyba stone. But neither the Greeks nor Romans knew America. [Sorenson] Cited in Sorenson. Gaffarel, Paul, 1843-1920 dighton rock
Gagnon, Charles Alphonse Nathanael. Le Vinland—sa localisation probable. Washington, DC, 1917. 479-484. Concludes that, aside from a few awkward details in the sagas, the data show Vinland to have been in Rhode Island and Massachusetts. [Sorenson] Cited in Sorenson, Bergersen
Gagnon, Alph. La question du Vinland. Bulletin de la Société de géographie Québec 12 (1918): 211-216.
Gallagher, Eamonn. The North Atlantic Fisheries: A Perspective (John de Courcy Ireland and David C. Sheehy, eds.). Dublin: Boole Press, Dún Laoghaire, Co., 1985. 95-107. St. Brendan's vital dates are generally agreed to be 485-577 a.d. Author assumes that the Navigatio is an accretion on some basic text of a number of stories from different scribes, put together as though a single experience but probably illustrating a lengthy period, perhaps from the 6th to the 9th centuries a.d., of Irish exploration westward across at least a major part of the North Atlantic. Portuguese cod fleets may have been fishing the Grand Banks as early as 1400 a.d., probably without benefit of knowledge of the Norse Sagas. (In French archives are documents mentioning long-established trade in Newfoundland cod which could have begun in the 15th century.) Basques arrived at the Banks about or before the beginning of the 16th century. [Sorenson] Cited in Sorenson
Gallatin, Albert. Notes on the Semi-Civilized Nations of Mexico, Yucatan, and Central America. 1845.
Gallez, Paul. Das Geheimnis des Drachenschwanzes; die Kenntnis Amerikas
vor Kolumbus. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer, 1980. A comprehensive discussion
and analysis of medieval and discovery era maps which appear to show South
America ("the dragon's tail") in detail impossible to account for by the
usually accepted picture of European post-1492 exploration. Information
is mustered in very orderly fashion, although lacking in depth at some
points, while critical judgement is sometimes suspended to accept questionable
materials. He believes and gives evidence that explorers of the Classical
world as well as perhaps Egyptians, Chinese, Arabs, and Vikings visited
or mapped the area. An outstanding set of reproductions of maps is appended.
[Sorenson] Cited in Sorenson
passing
Galster, Jon. Helleristningernes tale i Norden og Amerika. København: Dansk Historisk Håndbogsforlag, 1987. 136 pages. Cited in Sorenson, Bergersen
Garborg, Hulda. Edda-minningar i indianske legender. Edda 34 (1934): 444-462. Similarities exist between the Norse tales and Algonquin Indian legends. [Sorenson] Cited in Sorenson, Bergersen
García del Pino, César. Vikingos, españoles, genoveses, franceses y holandeses en América. Series: Col. Alborada latinoamericana. Vol. 5. Morelia, Mexico: Depto. de Historia Latinoamericana, Instituto de Investigaciones Históricas, Univ. Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, 1994. 127 pages. Miscellaneous essays span the centuries from the Vikings to Piet Heyn to the Cuban Navy's actions against German submarines in 1943. Includes bibliographical references.
Gathorne-Hardy, G. M. The Norse Discoverers of America: the Wineland Sagas Translated and Discussed. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1921. 304 pages.
Gathorne-Hardy, Geoffrey Malcolm. A recent journey to northern Labrador. Geographical Journal 59/3 (1922): 153-169.
Gathorne-Hardy, Geoffrey Malcolm. A new theory on the Wineland voyages. The Geographical Journal 66/1 (1925): 53-57.
Gathorne-Hardy, G. M. Alleged Norse remains in America. Antiquity (Gloucester, UK) 6/24 (1932): 420-433.
Gathorne-Hardy, G. M. Comment on the Kensington rune stone. American Scandinavian Review 20 (1932): 382-383. Cited in Blegen (1968), Sorenson, Bergersen. kensington Gathorne-Hardy, Geoffrey Malcolm, 1878-
Gathorne-Hardy, Geoffrey Malcolm. The Norse Discoverers of America: The Wineland Sagas (revised ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1970.
Geete, Robert. Hvar låg Vinland det goda? Ymer 5 (1885): 317. Geete, Robert, 1849-1928
Gejer, J. P. C. Kometen : en samling af märkwärdigheter hämtade ur historiska källor : för läsare af alla stånd : öfwersättning. Christianstad: tryckt uti Hof-secret. F.F. Cedergréens boktryckeri, 1825. 252 pages. Translation of Der Comet. Uniform title: Comet. Swedish. Contents: Bewis, att Amerika redan långt före Columbi tid warit kändt (p. 96-100) -- Kalifornierne, eller armod och sällhet (p. 135-136) -- Staden Tlaxcala i Amerika år 1520 (p. 251-252). Geier, Johann Peter Christian.
Gelcich, Eugen. Zur Geschichte der Entdeckung Amerikas durch die Skandinavier. Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft für Erdkunde zu Berlin 27 (1892): 153-221. Bibliographical footnotes. Gelcich, Eugen, 1854-1917
Gering, Hugo. Arthur Middleton Reeves, The Finding of Wineland the Good: The History of the Icelandic Discovery of America Edited and Translated from the Earliest Records[book review]. Zeitschrift für deutsche Philologie 7 (1892): 353-356. Review of Reeves (1890). Cited in Barnes (2001). Reeves, Arthur Middleton, 1856-1891
Gibbs, Walter. Did the Vikings stay in America? Redrawing Vinland's borders. International Herald Tribune (Thursday, 21 December 2000): 10. Article on Thor Heyerdahl's new book Ingen Grenser ([Oslo?]: J.M. Stenersens Forlag, [2001?]). Illustrated by an early map of the Americas, erroneously identified as 'Yale's "Vinland Map".' Heyerdahl, Thor.
Gibson, Frances. The Seafarers: Pre-Columbian Voyages to America. Philadelphia: Dorrance, 1974. 279 pages. Crammed with trait comparisons, probably more than any other popularized book. Many of them come from surprisingly broad knowledge of the scholarly literature; however, the author spoils the effect by also uncritically accepting statements from unworthy sources. Discussions range from Bronze Age Mediterranean and Phoenician voyaging to the Irish in the Atlantic, the Norse, Fu-sang, Polynesians and Southeast Asia. [Sorenson]. 7 untitled chapters. Greenland & Vinland p. 153-184. Refers to Gwyn Jones, Holand, Oxensteirn, Krogh, Ingstad, Sherwin. Is convinced that many people came from many lands before Columbus. [Bergersen] Bibliography, p. 264-279. Cited in Bergersen, Sorenson
Gilbert, Matthew. A compelling novel of 14th-century Greenland. Boston Globe (8 April 1988):40. Review of Smiley (1988). Cited in Nakadate (1999) book review passing
Gilmore, Donald Y., and Linda S. McElroy (eds.). Across before Columbus? Evidence for transoceanic contact with the Americas prior to 1492. Edgecomb, Maine: New England Antiquities Research Association, NEARA Publications, 1998. New England Antiquities Research Association
Gimmestad, Lars M. Prof. dr. O. E. Hagen: Rids af den afdøde videnskapsmands liv og virke. Skandinaven (Chicago) (23 March 1927): 3. Cited in Blegen (1968). kensington
Gini, Corrado. Sulla scomparsa delle colonie normanne in Groenlandia. Genus (Rome) 13/1-4 (1957): 62-131. Norwegian, English, Spanish, and French summaries. Cited in Bergersen
Gini, Corrado. La localizazione della Vinlanda. Genus (Rome) 14/1-4 (1958): 1-149.
Gini, Corrado. The Location of Vinland. Series: Papers, No. 13. Bergen: Institute of Economics, Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration, 1960. 115 pages.
Gini, Corrado. A proposito di una nuova opera sui Vikinghi in Groenlandia e in Vinlandia. Genus (Rome) 16/1-14 (1960): 5-11. Reviews Ingstad (1959) taking issue with some hypotheses, including discussing the possibility of the original Vinland being in Rhode Island. [Sorenson] Review of Ingstad (1959). Cited in Bergersen, Sorenson. Ingstad, Helge review
Gísli Siguðrsson. An introduction to the Vinland sagas. In Vikings : The North Atlantic Saga. William W. Fitzhugh & Elisabeth I. Ward (eds.). Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 2000. 218-224. (SDS / SDS)
Gísli Siguðrsson. The quest for Vinland in saga scholarship. In Vikings : The North Atlantic Saga. William W. Fitzhugh & Elisabeth I. Ward (eds.). Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 2000. 232-37. (SDS / SDS)
Giunta, Francesco. Della Vinlandia e di altre cose del Medioevo. Palermo: Palumbo, 1976. 124 pages. About Vinland and other medieval things (GRM / ???)
Gjerset, Knut. History of the Norwegian People. 2 vols. New York: Macmillan, 1915.
Gjerset, Knut. Norwegian Sailors in American Waters: A Study in the History of Maritime Activity on the Eastern Seaboard. Northfield, MN: Norwegian-American Historical Association, 1933. 271 pages. Chapter 1 is a summary of Viking nautical capabilities (some ships were over 150 feet long) and practices. Pages 24-35: The discovery of Vinland and aftermath voyages. Theories of location are summarized and attributed to schools of thought and major writers. Gjerset thinks a location for Vinland cannot be specified. He supposes there were numerous voyages beyond the few mentioned in the sagas. A brief account is given of the 1893 M. Andersen voyage in a replica ship and in 1926 another under Folgero (the latter apparently otherwise unpublished). [Sorenson]. Cited in Bergersen, Sorenson
Gjessing, Helge. Runestenen fra Kensington. Symra (Decorah, IA) 5/3 (1909): 113-126. Cited in Blegen (1968), Bergersen. kensington
Gjessing, Gutorm. Some Problems in Northeastern Archaeology. American Antiquity 13 (1947-1948): 298-302. He accepts the view of Griffin and others that Woodland pottery originated in Asia but notes the difficulty occasioned by lack of examples in a gap of thousands of miles. What strikes him, though, is folklore. In a preliminary study of 300 tale types, not finished due to the war, he found 15 to be more or less circumboreal. Of these 14 occurred among North American Indians but only one among the Eskimo (and it was from Greenland hence might be from the Norse). This shows that the shared tales reached America before the Eskimos were established in Alaska, or else they would have shared more. [Sorenson] Cited in Sorenson
Gjessing, Gutorm. The Circumpolar Stone Age. Antiquity 27 (1953): 131-136. Despite the obvious role of Bering Strait, it is strange that "nowhere on the globe are there to be found prehistoric remains so closely related morphologically as those of North Norway . . . and those of the east coast of North America." Only a specialist in petrology can distinguish Red Paint (Maine) crescent-shaped knives (strongly reminiscent of Eskimo ulus), from the very similar so- called boot-shaped knives of North Norway. One also finds in North Norway check-stamped ware of exactly the same type as from the Eastern Woodlands. Other similarities are noted, notably quadrupeds drawn with a line running from the mouth through the neck terminating in a circular figure where the heart is supposed to be (occurs over vast areas of North America and among the Zu—i, but not the Eskimo, so supposedly the motif reached America before the latter settled around the Bering Strait). [Sorenson] Cited in Sorenson
Gjessing, Gutorm. The One-eyed God—A Study in Diffusion. Brussels, 1960. 95 pages. Only a half-page abstract. The one-eyed Norse god Oden was of Asiatic origin and suggestive of the Oriental concept of the "All Seeing Eye." One-eyed mythical beings, usually connected with the realm of the dead, occur rather commonly in East-Asiatic and Northwest American folklore. Related one-eyed masks very frequently appear on Northwest Coast petroglyphs and in Northeast Asia, Polynesia, and Melanesia (Key Islands). Two types of masks exist: (1) the blind eye is formed as a spiral, and this occurs over the whole area of distribution except the Northwest Coast; (2) the other has the blind eye as a dot or circle and is distributed from the Northwest Coast to Polynesia [sic]. These masks belong to a complex of motifs with more or less the same distribution, such as heraldic birds (in North America and North Asia the Thunderbird), non-outlined human faces, outlined crosses, and so forth. [Sorenson] Cited in Sorenson
Gjessing, Gutorm. Socio-Archaeology. Current Anthropology 16 (1975): 323-341. Unhappy with the narrowness ("logical positivism") of "the new archaeology," he insists on the need for a holistic approach, including consideration of diffusion. Page 327: Based on examples in Tegengren 1968, he notes the degree of long- distance travel and diffusion patent in Eurasian archaeology and ethnology, such as Buddha images in 7th century Scandinavia and peacock feathers in the Viking ship at Gokstad. But of course diffusion covers much more than isolated artifacts. "I do not think that we should be prepared to accept an archaeology that sidesteps the evident fact of diffusion." "It is too easy a way out . . . to suggest some kind of ecological convergence as the sole explanation of similarities . . . over wide areas." [Sorenson] Cited in Sorenson
Glanzman, Louis S. The Vikings. Washington, DC: National Geographic Society, 1972. Cited in Nilsestuen (1994). National Geographic Society.
Glenn, Joshua. American Vikings : How mead-swilling Norsemen conquered Boston. Boston Globe (Sunday, 6 October 2002) H4. Cites Longfellow (1841) [no ed.], Mancini (2002), Whittier (1904) [no ed.] popular (SDS / SDS)
Gloor, Pierre-André. Blancs et noirs d'amérique avant Christophe Colomb. Kadath: Chroniques des civilisations disparues (Brussels) 77 (1991): 4-15. Begins with an outline-style summary of "theories of the populating of America" with emphasis on a substantial literature which he cites under the headings: Theological, Autochthonous, Asiatic monoracial, Asiatic multiracial, Transatlantic voyaging. Points out eight "practical difficulties and psychological obstacles" to carrying out research on this subject and having it received (e.g., nationalism of the South and Central American countries). "The Facts in America" includes a treatment of physical anthropological and population features he considers important. A two-page table lists 102 peoples said in the literature to be "white Indians" to some degree or other. Location, characteristics and citations are provided. Six "black groups" are also listed. The discussion also points out the presence of beards and other features associated with "whites" or "blacks" as represented in art and in anthropological field investigations. "Zoology" notes mummified dogs recalling those found in Danish sites; "horses" are shown in rock art and a "bovid" appears on a pre-Columbian Andean tapestry. "Botany" mentions in passing five plants said to be of Old World origin. "Ethnology" summarizes literature on intercontinental parallels in technology, religion, polity, architecture, art, language, and traditions. "The Facts for Europe" section summarizes Greek and Roman traditions and other possibilities, including Abou Bakr from Mali, as well as cartography. A final section claims particular crossings: Aegeans (1280 b.c.), Irish monks, Vikings, Templars, and others. [Sorenson] Cited in Sorenson
Glosecki, Stephen O. The Kensington rune-stone: authentic and important. Language 74/2 (1998): 437-438.
Godfrey, William S. The Newport puzzle. Archaeology 2/3 (1949): 146-149. Results from the excavations in 1948. No Viking objects turned up, nor anything that might have been dropped in the region before colonial times. [Bergersen]. Cited in Sorenson, Bergersen. newport Godfrey, William S., Jr.
Godfrey, William S., Jr. The Newport Tower II. Archaeology 3/2
(1950): 82-86. Report of excavations. Small artifacts from the colonial
period were found. Their locations were such that they must have found
their way into the site at the time of the bulding of the tower. The author
concludes that the tower must have been built by Benedict Arnold or his
contemporaries. [Sorenson]
Concludes that the tower is colonial. [Bergersen].
Cited in Pohl (1950), Sorenson, Bergersen
newport Godfrey, William S., Jr.
Godfrey, William S., Jr. The archaeology of the Old Stone Mill in Newport, Rhode Island. American Antiquity 17/2 (1951): 120-129. Reports his excavations around Newport Tower. No pre-Columbian artifacts were found. The structure was built in the 17th century when the area was part of Rhode Island. [Sorenson]. Describes his excavations around Newport Tower. No pre-Columbian objects found. The structure was built in the 17th century. [Bergersen]. Cited by Bergersen, Sorenson, Holand (1951, The age of the Newport Tower). newport Godfrey, William S., Jr.
Godfrey, William S., Jr. The Newport Tower: A reply to Mr. Pohl. Archaeology 4/1 (1951): 54-55. Denies that artifacts found at the base of the tower can be from nineteenth-century excavators as claimed by defenders of the antiquity of the tower. Unquestionably the ground in which they were found had not been disturbed since the erection of the tower. [Sorenson]. Artifacts found at the base of the tower are not from 19th century excavators. The ground in which they were found had not been disturbed. [Bergersen]. Cited in Sorenson, Bergersen. newport Godfrey, William S., Jr.; Pohl, Frederick Julius
Godfrey, William S. Digging a Tower and Laying a Ghost: The Archaeology and Controversial History of the Newport Tower. Ph.D. Harvard University, 1952. Cited in Bergersen. dissertation newport Godfrey, William S., Jr.
Godfrey, William S., Jr. Reply to Holand. American Antiquity 18/4 (1953): 395-396. Rebuttal to Holand (1951, Age of the Newport Tower), who is said to have made 19 epistemological solecisms. His claim that a Scandinavian unit of measurement was used at Newport Tower is without merit because, (1) he did little measuring, and (2) the roughness of the stones (mortar having disappeared) makes any measurement only approximate. [Sorenson]. Cites Holand (1951, Age of the Newport Tower). Cited in Sorenson, Bergersen. newport Godfrey, William S., Jr.; Holand, Hjalmar Rued, 1872-1963
Godfrey, William S., Jr. [Review of Thalbitzer (1951), Two runic stones, from Greenland and Minnesota]. American Anthropologist 55 (1953): 275-276. Review of Thalbitzer (1951). Cited in Sorenson. Godfrey, William S., Jr.
Godfrey, William S., Jr. Answer to plaster under the Tower. American Antiquity 19 (1954): 277-279. Reply to Pohl's criticism of archaeological methods used by the author as reported in Pohl (1954). [Sorenson]. Cited in Bergersen, Sorenson. newport Godfrey, William S., Jr.; Pohl, Frederick Julius
Godfrey, William S., Jr. Vikings in America: theories and evidence. American Anthropologist 57 (February 1955): 35-43.
Goetzmann, William H., and Glyndwr Williams. The atlas of North American exploration : from the Norse voyages to the race to the pole. New York: Prentice-Hall, 1992. 224 pages. ISBN: 0132971283. This "atlas covers 500 years of exploration. Early 'mythical' journeys from Europe begin the book. Then five parts chronicle early voyages to the North American continent, early settlements, frontier work, continental exploration, and northern trips." [Booklist]
Golding, Morton J. The Mystery of the Vikings in America. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1973. 160 pages.
Goldstein, Thomas E. Conceptual patterns underlying the Vinland map. Renaissance News 19 (Winter 1966): 321-331. Cited in Cassidy (1968), Enterline (1972), Bergersen. vinland map
Goldstein, Thomas E. Some reflections of the origins of the Vinland Map. Proceedings of the Vinland Map Conference. Wilcomb E. Washburn (ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1971. 47-56. Cited in Bergersen. vinland map (SDS / SDS)
Goodrich, Aaron. History of the Character and Achievement of the So-called Christopher Columbus, 1874.
Goodwin, William B. The Truth about Leif Ericsson and the Greenland Voyages. Boston: Meador Pub. Co., 1941. 445 pages.
Goodwin, William B. The Ruins of Great Ireland in New England. Boston: Meador, 1946. Amateur archaeologist Goodwin sees the vicinity of Mystery Hill, New Hampshire, as part of the area settled by Irish voyagers. Earlier, Phoenicians had been there. Newport Tower was also an Irish production. And he describes pits and cracks on a rock at Westford, Massachusetts, which he believes owe to voyager Sinclair; when he draws lines between these holes, he produces what he interprets as a portrait of Sinclair, complete with his family coat of arms. [Sorenson] Cited in Enterline (1972), Sorenson. Goodwin, William Brownell, 1866-
Gordon, George Byron. The double axe and some other symbols. Museum Journal (Philadelphia) 7/1 (1916): 57-68. The bannerstone of northeast America is considerably like the double axe of Europe in form ("sometimes presents such a close approximation that it becomes identical and cannot be distinguished"). He grants that Holmes' supposition that European influence could have introduced the double axe might be true with reference to one form commonly classed as a bannerstone, but independent invention is likely to cover most bannerstones. The likely American origin for the form is the symbolism of the tail of the whale, a sacred animal, found around Bering Strait on the one hand and near the Beothuks of Newfoundland on the other, the bannerstone representing the form of the tail as sacred object away from the coast. [Sorenson] Cited in Moorehead (1917), Sorenson
Gordon, E. V. An Introduction to Old Norse. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1927. 383 pages.
Gordon, E. V. An Introduction to Old Norse. 2nd rev. ed. by A. R. Taylor ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1957. 412 pages.
Gordon, Cyrus H. Before Columbus: Links between the Old World and Ancient America. New York: Crown Publishers, 1971.
Gordon, Cyrus H. L'Amerique avant Colomb. Paris: Laffont, 1973.
Gordon, Cyrus H. Riddles in History. New York: Crown Publishers, 1974. 188 pages. (SDS / SDS)
Gornés Mac-Pherson, M. J. Sangre de Asia en América. Caracas: Editorial elite, 1939. A bit of Fu-sang, the Norse, Madoc, etc., by an amateur archaeologist. No documentation. [Sorenson] Cited in Sorenson
Graf, Miller. Arctic Journeys: A History of Exploration for the Northwest Passage. Series: American University Studies, Series IX, History. Vol. 121: Peter Lang, 1992. 377 pages. ISBN: 0820417459. Graf's book is not an exhaustive study of northern exploration, but is a useful history of the European search for a northwest passage to Asia, as well as of the more recent efforts (largely American) to reach the North Pole. Up to the mid-19th century, much had been learned about the islands and water passages across the northen reaches of North America, but these earlier expeditions had all originated in Europe. After mid-century, US participation increased. Graf briefly reviews pre-Norse and Norse explorations of the North Atlantic and describes "The Awakening," the quickening of interest in Western Europe that led to the Columbus voyage (not discussed) and the English and French ventures that claimed much of North America for respective monarchies. The lucrative fur trade was the magnet for these explorations. Graf treats subsequent probes through the northwest, by land as well as by sea, including the ill-fated Franklin expedition. One of the book's more valuable features is the chronological list of journeys to Arctic America found in the appendix. The list begins in 320 BCE and ends in 1981-82. The bibliography contains a number of secondary sources; brief end notes accompany the chapters. Undergraduate; general. -- W. A. D. Jackson, University of Washington [Choice] (SDS / SDS)
Graham-Campbell, James. The Vikings and America (book review). The Times Literary Supplement (5 December 1986): 1382. (The author) has a lively style that is a pleasure to read. He writes best on what he knows best--of the often contradictory evidence of the sagas for exploration and settlement in Greenland and Vinland. . . . There are three chapters on the European background to the Vikings' westward expansion and here Wahlgren writes with seemingly equal confidence, but deceptively so, for much of his archaeological source material is five to ten, or even thirty years out of date. . . . Of particular concern is the failure to incorporate the chief results of the most recent excavations that have taken place at L'Anse aux Meadows in northern Newfoundland. . . . The problem with (this study) is that it is a book by a philologist, dressed up with photographs to which the text never makes reference. . . . What is needed is a revised edition from the publishers to correct . . . errors and to enable an archaeological update, for in all other respects this is a splendid and worthwhile book which deserves a wide readership. Wahlgren, Erik. book review
Gravier, Gabriel. Découverte de l’Amérique par Les Normands au Xe siècle. Rouen: E. Cagniard, 1874. 250 pages. (SDS / SDS)
Gravier, Gabriel. Notice sur le roc de dighton et le séjour des Scandinaves en Amérique au commencement du Xie siècle. Compte-rendu de la première session du congrès international des américanistes. Vol. 1. Nancy, 1875. 166-192. One of the most complete early discussions. [Sorenson] Cited in Sorenson, Bergersen. dighton rock
Gravier, Maurice (ed.). La saga d'Eric le Rouge. Le Récit des Grœnlandais. Texte islandais avec introduction, traduction, notes et glossaire. Paris: Aubier, 1955. Bilingual. Cited in Adam (1959), Wahlgren (1969), Bergersen
Gray, Edward F. Leif Eriksson, Discoverer of America A.D. 1003. 1930. 188 pages.
Greeley, A. W. The origin of Stefansson's blonde Eskimo. National Geographic Magazine 23/2 (December 1912): 1225-1239. Cited in Enterline (1972), Bergersen
Greenhill, Basil. Archaeology of the Boat: A New Introductory Study. London: Adam and Charles Black, 1976.
The Greenlanders[book review]. Publishers Weekly 233 (25 March 1988):50. Review of Smiley (1988). Cited in Nakadate (1999) book review passing
The Greenlanders [book review]. Kirkus Review 56 (15 February 1988):240. Review of Smiley (1988). Cited in Nakadate (1999) book review passing
The Greenlanders saga. Trans. George Johnston. [Ottawa]: Oberon Press, 1976. gsaga
Grenfell, Wilfred T. Labrador, the Country and People. New York, 1909. 497 pages.
Grenfell, Wilfred T. The Romance of Labrador. New York: MacMillan, 1934.
Grœnlendinga þáttr. The Vinland sagas, the Norse discovery of America., 1965.
Guichard, Rene. Les Vikings. Créateurs d'états: Islande et Norvège. Découvreurs de nouveaux mondes: Ériks le Rouge au Groenland en l'an 982, Leif l'Heureux au Vinland en l'an 1000. Paris: A. et J. Picard, 1972. 196 pages.
Gulløv, Hans Christian. Natives and Norse in Greenland. Vikings : The North Atlantic Saga. Ed. William W. Fitzhugh & Elisabeth I. Ward (eds.). Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 2000. 318-26. (SDS / SDS)
Gunnar Harðarson & Stefán Karlsson. Hauksbók. In Medieval Scandinavia: An Encyclopedia. Phillip Pulsiano (ed.). Vol. 1. Garland Encyclopedias of the Middle Ages. New York: Garland Publishing, 1993. 271-72. esaga (SDS / SDS)
Guralnick, Eleanor (ed). Vikings in the West. Chicago: Archaeological Institute of North America, 1982. A compendium of archaeological indications of Vikings in North America and Greenland, constituted of six papers from a 1982 conference, as follows: Gwyn Jones surveys the documentary sources. He believes they show that voyages were deliberately planned by competent sailors in seaworthy craft; they were not mere chancy excursions. The Ingstads make their usual brief arguments that L'Anse aux Meadows was Vinland. Robert McGhee reviews Indian, Eskimo and Paleo Eskimo interaction with the Norse based on both saga and archaeological evidence. Under the heading "Viking Hoaxes" Birgitta Wallace reviews Newport Tower, the Kensington Stone, Follins Pond, etc. Considers all finds except L'Anse aux Meadows and the coin from Maine to be deliberate hoaxes or inaccurately interpreted artifacts. [Sorenson] Cited in Sorenson, Bergersen. Editor listed as "Gorelic, Eleanor" in Wahlgren, "America, Norse in" in Pulsiano, Medieval Scandinavia: An Encyclopedia (p. 13). kensington l'anse aux meadows newport
Guðbrandur Vigfússon & C. R. Under (eds.). Flateyjarbok: En Samling af norske Konge-Sagaer med indskudte mindre Fortællinger om Begivenheder i og udenfor Norge samt Annaler. 3 vols. Christiana: Malling, 1860-1868.
Guðbrandur Vigfússon & F. York Powell (eds. & trans.) Origines islandicae: a collection of the more important sagas and other native writings relating to the settlement and early history of Iceland. 2 vols. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1905.
Guðni Jónsson (ed.) Íslendinasögur. Vol. 1 of 13 vols. Reykjavik: Ísleningasagnaútgafan, 1953. esaga gsaga
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